Read the story and answer the question Case Study - 1

Read the story and answer the question - Case Study Example Then, the reviewer goes into a list of examples including reasons why managers should let younger employees have a flexible work schedule. Contrast—The author uses contrast when they are contrasting Baby Boomers and Net geners. The author notes that Boomers have spent a long time being threatened by being seen as conservative, and contrast this against the present, when this is more of a danger. The ideals of the past and present are contrasted, and also, there is contrast between the generations considered. 3. Tone—The tone of this passage is informative. The author wants to inform the reader about both Tapscott and Aslop, and they also want to inform about the general subject. This general subject is what both authors also focus upon, and makes up the majority of the information: characteristics of Net geners. Diction—The author uses diction to explain their points through the use of simile. â€Å"But they are reassured that by eliminating rules, chain of command, and doling out praise like penny candy† (par.5). 4. By varying sentence structure, the author also varies the tone of the article, alternating long and short sentences: this is apparent in the third paragraph. The impact is that it makes the essay more readable. The use of jargon is seen in local colloquial language like â€Å"a wonder to behold† (par.3). This makes the piece more conversational. Metaphor is seen in the above quotation regarding penny candy; this keeps the text interesting. I agree with this passage. I think that the author is saying that companies need to be responsive to the needs of their employees, not the other way around. Companies need to retain talent, and therefore they need to understand their employees to be dynamic. My own position on this issue is that companies should listen to even the lowest level of employees, if they have ideas that are going to improve the company. So,

The play A Doll House Essay Example for Free

The play A Doll House Essay A Doll House Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the play, A doll house, it is clear that there is imbalance of power between Nora and her husband Helmer. The husband goes to work and earns for the family while the wife is left at home to do the chores. This brings about the theme of gender inequality. It is also clear that the writer puts more emphasis on the looks of Nora than those of her husband; this shows how the society views men and women differently. The husband is also displayed as being questionable about how the wife is spending the money on gifts even without considering that its Christmas time and they can now afford it from the salary he is getting. If Nora had not been that beautiful, may be Helmer would not have married her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The writer of this book emphasizes much on gender inequality, there is also the aspect of the very many lies that couple keep in their marriages in order to keep them alive which in most of the cases end up being the reason for the separation. There is also the aspect of man eat man society, Krogstad uses Nora in order to retain his job threatening her for a favor he had done a long time ago. At the end of the play, Nora feels her husband had taken her like a doll only to be admired for its beauty and that he did not trust her and therefore she left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The economic factors have really affected the society in a doll house especially the women to an extent of their ideas and choices about their marriages.  Nora illegally borrowed money for the trip that she and Torvald took to Italy; she told Torvald that the money had come from her father. For years, Nora reveals, she has worked and saved in secret, slowly repaying the debt, and soon it will be fully repaid. This money was borrowed through Krogstad’s help and when Helmer wanted to sack him,he asks Nora to use her influence to ensure that his position remains secure. When she refuses, Krogstad points out that he has in his possession a contract that contains Nora’s forgery of her father’s signature. Their conversation reveals that the two had been once deeply in love, but Mrs. Linde left Krogstad for a wealthier man who would enable her to support her family. She tells Krogstad that now that she is free of her own fa milial obligations and wishes to be with Krogstad and care for his children. References Ibsen, Henrik, Rolf Fjelde, CalistaFlockhart, Tony Abatemarco, Tim DeKay, Jeannie Elias, Gregory Itzin, JoBeth Williams, Rosalind Ayres, and Susan A. Loewenberg.  A Doll House. Venice, Calif.: L.A. Theatre Works, 2012. Internet resource. Source document

The Opponents And Supporters Of Neoliberalism

The Opponents And Supporters Of Neoliberalism When one speaks of globalization what comes to mind is basically the financial globalization, which has occurred since the mid-1980s and has been associated with an increase in capital flows among industrial countries and, more notably, between industrial and developing countries (Prasad et al. 2003). Since then a, sometimes, contested debate has emerged as to the effects of financial integration on developing economies. Apparently, in order to assess whether globalization, financial or globalization in its wider sense, has been a boon or bane we need to have a standard of reference. The writer believe that the most objective, value-free, standard of comparison is to provide in the section 1 some useful definitions of Globilization and Neoliberalism, then distinguish between those two definitions and also explain the Anti- globalization movement. In section 2 the writer discusses some of these competing discourses. These three discourses are: first of all, Joseph Striglitz who argue that globalization is potentially beneficial, but it must be made to work, that it needs of human face, second discourse is the free trade economists such as Jagdish Bhagwati and financial times journalist Martin Wolf, who argue that globalization already works, that it has a human face; and final discourse are scholars such as Marxist geographer David Harvey and Subcommandante Marcos, spokesperson of Mexican rebel movement the Zapatistas, who argue that neoliberal globalization involves accumulation by dispossession, that is the fourth world war. Finally, in section 4 the writer derives her conclusion. In addition, this essay has a further material of globalization as appendices which are structured as follows. In Section 1 we provide some further definitions. In Section 2 we discuss some theoretical arguments in favour and against globalization. In Section 3, we present the empirical evidence when it comes to the benefits of costs of globalization. Globalisation is a continuing process that integrates regional economies, communities and cultures through a network of communications and business dealings (Dicken 2007). Globalisation is mostly used to refer to economic globalisation. This is however not the case. Globalisation is a reality, not one that affects finance only but almost all the aspects of human life. Globalisation has effects on technology, culture, and entertainment. Globalisation is viewed as being influenced by a blend of factors like economic, technical, social, cultural, political and scientific. The earliest description of this concept was coined by the United States businessman who was later made a minister, Charles Taze Russell (Khor 2001). He came up with the terminology, corporate giants in the year 1897. Since the time this idea was conceived, it has motivated many other definitions and descriptions (Bordo 2002). The UN ESCWA has revealed that globalisation is a term that has a wide range of usage and as a result has numerous definitions (Harvey 2007). When the term is used from the finance perspective, it refers to the lessening and elimination of regional boundaries between countries for the purpose of facilitating the transfer of capital, products, services, and workforce (Glyn 2006). Tom Palmer describes globalisation as the reduction or removal of state-enforced constraints on transfer of products and services across boundaries and the incorporated and sophisticated international systems of manufacturing and exchange that has come up as a result. Thomas Friedman has investigated the effects of globalisation and claims that globalisation and politics have transformed the world completely. The changes have been both positive and negative (Dicken 2007). According to Takis Fotopoulos, globalisation is the outcome of methodical movements revealing the marketplace economys grow-or-die nature (Perraton 2001). This is the case following the speedy growth of multinational enterprises. Due to the fact that these movements have not been counterbalanced efficiently by counter-tendencies that could have come from labour movements and other sorts of political actions, the result has been globalisation. This is a complicated and an irrevocable occurrence within the scheme of the market economy. This phenomenon is evident as financial globalisation, that is, the opening and deregulation of the market which has caused the current form of neoliberalism (Bordo 2002). The globalisation since the Second World War as resulted from the making of the politicians. They began attempting to eliminate the boundaries hindering business to raise affluence and interdependence thus decreasing the opportunities for another war. The works of the politicians made possible the Bretton Woods Conference (Held 1999). This was a conference by the influential politicians of the world, to come up with a system for global commerce and finance. This was also an effort to establish global institutions that could see this come to pass. The two major institutions that were thought of were the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Since then the policies of this two institutions have affected globalisation. Globalisation is also evident as political globalisation, that is, the coming up of international elites and the removal of the all-powerful nation-states of the past. There is also the concept of cultural globalisation, that is, the uniformity of culture all ov er the world. Others are ideological, technological and social globalisation (Bordo 2002). Neoliberalism This term is used to refer to economic liberalism. This term was used for the first time in 1960s by Marxists. It used to refer to the finance policies founded on neoclassical theories of economics (Harvey 2007). These philosophies reduce the role played by the state and increase the private enterprise sector. Neoliberalism is used to as a critic to the policies and ideas of contemporary administrations and the major international finance institutions. The expression is also used in cultural studies as a description for social, cultural and political activities and policies that utilise the concepts of marketplaces, economical efficiency, consumer preference and business deals (Hardt and Negri 2000). Generally speaking, neoliberalism tries to transfer a portion of the control of the economy from the public sector to the private sector. This is done in the assumption that the process will lead to more efficient governments and improve the economic growth of a country. The concept of neoliberalism is derived from the Washington Consensus. This was a list of policies proposed, that seemed to have been agreed on among the international financial agencies based in Washington, such as the IMF and the World Bank (Hà ¤usler 2002). Neoliberalism is thus as set of finance policies that became widely used since the 1990s. These policies have been imposed unto governments by the international financial institutions (Harvey 2007). Neoliberalism and globalisation In most cases neoliberalism and globalisation are used interchangeably. These two are however related due to the finance nature that binds them. Noam Chomsky puts forward the claim that globalisation can be used in a doctrinal point of view, to point to the neoliberalism. The notion of neoliberal views the state as an enterprise. The enterprise sells itself as a market place, instead of trading in export products (Held 2004). In case the government in power is a neoliberal one, it will implement the policies designed by the financial institutions in making the country better for investments. Where these investments and business deals are dome on a global level, then Globalisation prevails. Globalisation is thus linked to neoliberalism where the marketplace is used to trade in global arena (Harvey 2007). Anti-globalisation movement This is the term utilised in describing the political group that is opposed to the neoliberalism. Some criticisms of globalisation are some of the reasons used in opposition to the neoliberalism. This movement comprises some of the processes and action taken by nations or the citizens in the effort of demonstrating its sovereignty and carry out independent decision-making. This may take place in an attempt to uphold hindrances to the international movement of labour, products or beliefs. This can also take place as a way of preventing market deregulation, promoted by institutions like the IMF or the WTO (Perraton 2001). Naomi Klein asserts that the term anti-globalisation movement can be used to refer to only one movement or as an umbrella terminology that encompasses more than one movement. In either case, the members of such movement(s) stand in opposition to neoliberalism (Hà ¤usler 2002). Globalisation needs a human face Joseph Stiglitz is known as one of the great contributors to the knowledge of economics. He contributed to the economics of asymmetric knowledge and the issue of efficient wages. According to Stiglitz (2007), globalisation is a close interrelation between nations and people. He cannot be said to be against globalisation because according to him it has the potential to achieve good to the world. He claims that as a result of globalisation, it is now possible for people to have longer lives and achieve better living standards. Stiglitz asserts that despite the fact that globalisation has the potential; it has not operated the way it ought to have worked (Stiglitz 2007). He sees as if something has gone terribly wrong because globalisation has not delivered its promises to the people. Globalisation has not provided better lives for those in need of its expected advantages. As a matter of fact, Stiglitz argues that globalisation has led to concentration of resources in one place leading to high levels of inequality. This has taken place between nations as well as within nations. It has led to increased rates of poverty and decreased rate of independence. In his personal point of view, the number of individuals living in poverty in the African continent has increased twice in the last twenty years or so. In the industrialised countries the rate of wages for the working class has also gone down. All this has taken place due to the fact that globalisation has been mismanaged. This means that the issue is not globalisation, but the poor management of globalisation. This is why Stiglitz asserts that globalisation requires a human face (Stiglitz 2006).This is the only way that it can be made to function. According to Stiglitz, the policies that need to be targeted for globalisation to work are those of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. He also cites neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus as the general targets in the proper management of globalisation ( Stiglitz 2006). The description of neoliberalism according to Stiglitz is the grab-bag of ideologies that is founded on the fundamentalist concept that marketplaces are self-correcting, distribute assets effectively, and take into account the interests of the people very well. It is this marketplace notion that motivated Thatcherism, Reaganomics, and the Washington Consensus (Stiglitz 2003). Stiglitz points out that the International Monetary Funds is the major villain in this issue. This is because this institution has pressured the neo-liberal policies, on the Third World countries without taking into consideration their significance in prevailing conditions (Stiglitz 2002). The outcomes of these policies to the developing countries have in very many occasions been detrimental. The global financial agencies have impacted a specific philosophy, that of market fundamentalism. This ideology as turned to be bad economics as well as bad politics. This idea is founded on principles concerning the functi oning of markets that are not operational even in the global economies. The policies have been forced to the society without even taking into account the understanding of the society or even the role of economics in the community. These policies have also been imposed in manners that are undermining to the budding democracies (Stiglitz 2002). Stiglitz is particularly against financial and market liberalisation citing the fact that this leads to economic instability. According to Stiglitz, this concept was a key contributor to the East Asian Financial Crisis (Stiglitz 2002). He asserts that if globalisation has failed due to the enforcement of Washington Consensus, as well as policies and lack of proper management, then the solution would be implementation of proper policies and good governance of globalisation. He argues that if globalisation was well managed, then it would bring in a lot of benefits to both the developed and the developing nations. Stiglitz proposes reforms to the global financial institutions (Stiglitz 2003). Globalisation has a human face This is a somewhat contradictory concept to the earlier one of globalisation needs a human face. This concept is brought up by a colleague of Stiglitz, Jagdish Bhagwati. He claims that the concept of globalisation needs a global face is wrong (Bhagwati 2004). This is because this notion sends a false signal. He argues that globalisation has a human face and it is up to us to make that face more agreeable. Bhagwati introduces two kinds of critic of globalisation. The first one is the huge number of strong opponents who possess strong opposition for globalisation. Conversations with this group of protestors are impossible. The second group is of the opponents whose dissatisfaction is well within the limits of normal dispute and dialogue. This group argues that globalisation is the cause of very many social problems like poverty, illiteracy, child labour, inequality in women, and deterioration of the environment. This group of critics require an extended and well thought of response. In the response there is need to have adequate assessment of a variety of issues surrounding globalisation. These are the issues addressed by both Bhagwati and Wolf. One of the issues is poverty (Bhagwati 2007). According to Bhagwati poverty has for a long time been associated with globalisation. The response to the critics concerning this issue is that business promotes development and development reduces poverty. To support this argument Bhagwati cites two nations that have been a host of poverty, that is, India and china. The two countries moved to outward orientation about two decades ago. This was the contributing factor to their high economic development in the 80s and 90s (Bhagwati 2007). During this period poverty went down considerably in both countries. Martin Wolf agrees with the argument that the ratio of standard incomes in the developed nations to those in the developing nations has been going up in this period of globalisation. He also acknowledges the fact that the gap in the living standards between the rich and the poor has also continued to widen. Nevertheless Wolf reaches to the conclusion that international inequality amongst people has gone down, with the numbers of the persons living in absolute poverty has gone down (Wolf 2005). The welfare of the people has continued to develop with globalisation. The explanation given by Wolf for the continued poverty in Africa is not globalisation, but partly because of diseases and partly because of its failure to develop. He asserts that what affects the people living in abject poverty is not the fact that they are exploited, but the fact that they are not exploited. This is because they exist outside the global economy. The growth in globalisation of the economy through integration of budding economies has changed the humanity for the better. The problem that faces globalisation is not that it has failed, but the challenge is to bring those who are living outside it into the web of beneficial economic integrations (Wolf 2005). The other issue that requires response is child labour. This is a problem that has been going on internationally throughout the world. Bhagwati argues that there is no relationship whatsoever between child labour and globalisation. The causes of this problem are associated with poverty (Perraton 2001). The fact according to Bhagwati is that whenever globalisation causes wealth and lessens poverty, it leads to reduction of child labour and increase in enrolment into learning institutions. This works two-way because it also deals with the issue of poverty. This consequently impacts positively on the economic development (Bhagwati 2004). Another issue that needs to be addressed carefully in dealing with the critics is womens equality. There is an argument that globalisation has a negative impact on women. Wolf disagrees with this argument by asserting that globalisation has assisted in reducing gender inequality. He claims that the youths who migrated from rural china in search of employment were driven by their attempts to run away from poverty. This was not by force and the wages they earn has assisted them by improving their living standards. This is especially true for women who are offered the chance to earn their own money (Wolf 2005). There are many a number of other issues that Bhagwati addresses in dealing with the critics. Concerning democracy he asserts that globalisation increases democracy both directly and indirectly. The direct impact is that the local manufacturers and farmers are able to access the market directly without being exploited by the middlemen. This has made them into independent people who can participate in the activities and processes of the society such as politics. The indirect impact is that globalisation leads to prosperity that through development of the society leads to democracy (Wolf 2005). Both Bhagwati and Wolf argue that globalisation does no cause environmental degradation. They assert that by improving the standards of living, globalisation leads to proper environmental management. They however support the fact that global economy should be well managed to enhance environmental development (Bhagwati 2004). Bhagwati supports capital controls and emphasises what he refers to as wall street treasury complex. This system has led to many administrations adopting policies of capital-account convertibility (Bhagwati 2004). Globalisation is the fourth world war One of the treaties that will be considered in this section is NAFTA. This is one treaty that has had missed reactions since its inception. The treaty has been acclaimed by its supporters and condemned by its opponents. This is a trilateral treaty that was signed in 1994 bringing together three nations in one trading bloc. These three countries are the US, Mexico and Canada. After the treaty was formed, conflicts broke up in Chiapas, one of the poorest states in Mexico. The conflicts were initiated by a group of revolutionaries known as EZLIN. The Zapatista National Liberation Army came in and took possession of four cities in the country. It was not by chance that the group started conflicts immediately after the treaty was signed. This was because the Indians saw the treaty as a threat. The native Indians in the country, who lived in poverty, felt that the signing of the agreement would make them loose the land that was given to them following the Mexican revolution. During the neg otiations with the American government, the president of Mexico overlooked the only section of the law that was significant to the locals. This was the section that protected the community-owned lands in Chiapas (Marcos 1997). The Zapatistas began fighting until they were overwhelmed by the United States supported military that fought them in the pretence of war on drugs. However the Zapatistas were not defeated because their efforts motivated international anti-globalisation and anti-capitalist movements. For such groups their main target is neoliberalism. Marcos argues that the start of the fourth world war has begun (Marcos 1997). There is an argument that neoliberalism is a struggle to capture new territories. David Harvey defines it as philosophy of political economic activities that proposes that it is possible to develop the wellbeing of people by raising entrepreneurial liberties within an organisational structure that is typified by aspects like property rights, personal freedoms, and free market. The responsibility of the nation is to come up with the structures (George 1999). One of the most significant aspects of neoliberalism is enclosure. The enclosure of the primitive accumulation as describ ed by Karl Max is where the common people were deprived of means to their livelihood. This involved conflicts as the commons were forcefully evicted from their property. The argument as far as neoliberalism is concerned is that this form of primitive accumulation is still in practice. In world economies it can be seen where privately-owned business premises are constructed in lands that were initially reserved or used for public utilities. For people whose lands are taken away in the name of development, the loss is devastating. The new enclosures are clearly connected with finance and financial institutions in the global arena. Many people are getting removed from their lands, homes, and employment through violence, epidemics, famines, and the International Monetary Fund-ordered devaluations. These people end up scatted at all corners of the world. There is the referencing to finance, that is, debts and credits as the facilitators of accumulation by dispossession (Marcos 1997). Critics however argue that enclosures and primitive accumulation are, but not the only reasons why neoliberal globalisation is war. Another reason cited is the unfair competition in the global arena. The competition causes precarity and uncertainty. According to Marcos (1997), the workers are forced to brave job instability, longer working hours, and low wages. He adds that in short neoliberal globalisation means more war, conflicts, troubles and violence (Marcos 1997). Conclusion As a conclusion it is important to compare the opponents against the supporters of neoliberalism. Martin Wolf argued that the problem facing the poor is not the fact that they are exploited, but the fact that they are underexploited. He added that the challenge is bringing them into the web of globalisation. While Wolf and Bhagwati disagree with the critics of globalisation and neoliberalism, they tend to agree with others like Sachs, Marcos and Stiglitz that neoliberal globalisation increase competition. Where they fail to agree is where the supporters claim that the competition raises efficiency, productivity and reduces prices. The opponents stress on the uncertainty and insecurity caused by the competition. The question that lingers is who among the authors is right. The concluding remarks are the fact that globalisation has potential to be beneficial to people, but to be able to achieve this it should be properly managed. In my own opinion, due to the poor management globalisati on has not been beneficial to the society. However this phenomenon is with us to stay and the only thing that can be done is to change its management so that it benefits the people who heavily rely on its promised benefits. Both individuals and nations need to take advantage of it, however bad they think of it, because this seems the only way to survive through it (Klein 2008). Appendices Appendix 1: DEFINITIONS GLOBALIZATION Globalisation can be broadly defined as a movement of culture, people and goods across international borders. Put differently, globalization could be seen as a closer integration of countries and people (Stiglitz, 2003). Thus, when one deals the issue of globalization he has to take up various aspects of globalisation, i.e. cultural, political, economic aspects. NEO LIBERALISM According to Harvey(2007) neoliberalism is a set of political and economic practices, which can advance human well-being; these practices aim at promoting entrepreneurial freedoms, individual liberty, private property rights, unencumbered markets, and free trade. The role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional framework appropriate to nurture such practices. Neoliberalism has been applied (imposed) in practice through the so-called Washington Consensus that emphasized privatization, liberalization, and independent central banks focusing single-mindedly on keeping the price level at bay. The problem with the Washington Consensus, according to Stiglitz (2003), has to do with the fact that it has been applied on developing countries, without taking into consideration the wider social and political context of these economies. As a consequence, the results of these one-size-fits-all policies have, in many cases, been disastrous Appendix 2: THE TWO THESES THE ANTI- GLOBALIZATION ARGUMENTS In what follow we shall consider certain anti-globalization arguments put forward by Marcos (1997), Increased Concentration of Wealth and Widening Income Inequality According to Marcos (1997), neoliberalism has resulted in an accumulation of wealth for the few, and [in] accumulation of poverty for millions of others. The author continues that of the 5 billion inhabitants of only 500 million live comfortably, while the remaining 4.5 billion endure lives of poverty. Another interesting piece of information cited by Marcos that the total wealth owned by the 358 richest people in the world, the dollar billionaires, is greater than the annual income of almost half the worlds poorest inhabitants, in other words about 2.6 billion people. Increase in Poverty Marcos (1997) argued that globalization and neoliberalism have throw more people to poverty, since in the 1960s and 1970s, the number of poor people in the world (defined by the World Bank as having an income of less than one dollar per day) rose to some 200 million. By the start of the 1990s, their numbers stood at two billion. Appendix 3: THE PRO- GLOBALIZATION ARGUMENTS For Stiglitz (2003) globalisation has definitely benefited people, as their life expectancy and standard of living has clearly risen, but it has not yet achieved its full potential. The outcome of this has been the rise in income inequality both between countries and within countries. He also points that the number of people living in poverty in Africa has doubled over the past two decades, whilst the wages of workers in rich countries have been driven down. However, the problem for Stiglitz is not globalisation per se, which is responsible for the aforementioned ailments, but the way it is applied. Appendix 4: Some globalization supporters have put forward the argument that globalisation promotes democracy. According to Bhagwati (2004:93), in a developed capitalistic system, rural farmers could bypass the dominant classes and castes by taking their produce directly to the market thereby becoming more independent actors. Further, the author maintains that globalisation leads to prosperity, which in turn leads to greater democratisation of politics. . Appendix 5: THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE THE ISSUE OF POVERTY The Reduction of Poverty Sala-i-Martin (2002), in his study, concluded that global poverty measured by poverty rates as well as absolute headcounts declined significantly from 1970 to 1998, but the reductions in poverty varied tremendously across regions. Specifically, the author found that, on a global level, the number of people living in poverty (i.e. people having an income of less than $2 per day) and extreme poverty (i.e. people having an income of less than $1 per day at the prices of 1985) declined significantly during the period under study. TABLE 0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ1: Percent of Global Population in Poverty And Extreme Poverty YEAR GLOBAL POPULATION IN POVERTY GLOBAL POPULATION IN EXTREME POVERTY 1970 40.0% 16.6% 1998

Análisis de la Revolución Social Nicaragüense Essay -- actores politico

1. Introduccià ³n En primer lugar deberà ­amos destacar que la revolucià ³n nicaragà ¼ense fue una revolucià ³n social, no una revolucià ³n polà ­tica, una rebelià ³n o un golpe de estado. En efecto, la revolucià ³n social es el â€Å"derrocamiento de una à ©lite gobernante por parte de una à ©lite insurrecta (o vanguardia revolucionaria) que ha conseguido movilizar y capitalizar un amplio apoyo popular y que pretende, desde el poder, transformar las estructuras sociales, polà ­ticas y econà ³micas de la sociedad† (Selbin, 1993:11-13). Asà ­ pues, esta revolucià ³n supone la progresià ³n dialà ©ctica protagonizada por los actores polà ­ticos, concienciados como sujetos polà ­ticos -en el sentido de que han dejado de ser clase en sà ­ para ser clase para sà ­- y capacitados para modificar la realidad, que tiene como consecuencia una primera etapa de destruccià ³n del rà ©gimen anterior durante el proceso revolucionario, posteriormente la institucionalizacià ³n revolucionaria y, por à ºltimo, el desmantelamiento de esta à ºltima. Todo esto en un perà ­odo que abarca el aà ±os 1977 hasta el 1996. Sin embargo, en el presente trabajo nos limitaremos a los primeros aà ±os de la insurreccià ³n para estudiar y analizar el objetivo que se describirà ¡ en el apartado siguiente. 2. Objetivo El objetivo del presente ensayo se estructura en dos fases, las cuales deben ser concebidas como una progresià ³n segà ºn la cual, la segunda no puede tener lugar sin la primera, aunque el à ¡mbito de actuacià ³n de ambas sea diferente. La primera fase es la investigadora-analà ­tica, o intelectual, y, como su propio nombre indica, debe hacer posible una mejor compresià ³n de la realidad en la que vivimos, aclarando procesos, continuidades y conceptos. Una vez realizado este esfuerzo intelectual, debemos acceder a la segunda fase, ... .... Smith, C. ed. 1996. Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism. Routledge, Nueva York. Snow, D. E., y Benford, R. 1992. Master Frames and Cycles of Protest, en Aldon Morris y Carol McClurg Mueller, eds., Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, pp. 133- 155. Yale University Press, New Haven. Snow, D. 1986. Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement participation. American Sociological Review 51: 464-481. Randall, M. 1983. Cristianos en la revolucià ³n. Nueva Nicaragua-Monumbà ³, Mangua. Ronchon, T. R. 1998. Culture Moves: Ideas, Activism, and Changing Valuis. Princeton University Press, Priceton. Tilly, C. 1993. European Revolutions, 1492-1992. Blackwell, Oxford. Wickham-Crowley, T.P. 1992. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A comparative study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 22

Absenteeism, Causes and Effects Essay

I. Meaning Absenteeism is the term generally used to refer to unscheduled employee absences from the workplace. Many causes of absenteeism are legitimate, for example personal illness or family issues, but absenteeism also can often be traced to other factors such as a poor work environment or workers who are not committed to their jobs. If such absences become excessive, they can have a seriously adverse impact on a business’s operations and, ultimately, its profitability. The Labour Department in India defined the absenteeism rate as the total man-shifts lost because of absences as a percentage of the total number of man-shifts scheduled. So for calculation of the rate of the absenteeism we require the number of persons scheduled to work and the number actually present. II .Causes of the absenteeism The rate of the absenteeism in Indian industries is very high and cannot be dismissed. A Statistical study of absenteeism of Indian Labour observed that, the basic cause of absenteeism in India is that industrial worker is still part-time peasant. Thus the workers go to find jobs at cities after the harvesting their crops. It means that when the transplanting season. These workers consider to the modern industrialism is insecure. Thus, cause to high rate of the absenteeism in the industrial sector. According to the Labour Investigation Committee (1946), there were many reasons that caused the absenteeism of the industrial workers. The Commission pointed out many factors which caused the absenteeism in Indian industries. These factors are: 1. Sickness and low vitality: The committee pointed out that sickness is most important responsible for absenteeism in almost of the in Industrial sector. Epidemics like cholera, small-pox and malaria always break out in severe from in most industrial areas. The low vitality of the Indian workers makes them easy prey to such epidemics and bad housing and unsanitary conditions of living aggravate the trouble. However, the Commission has been noticed that the rate of absenteeism among the female workers is higher than their male counterparts. 2. Means of Transport: The Commission also stated that the transport facilities also play very important to contribute the absenteeism of the worker in the industries. It has been pointed out that, the rate of absenteeism is higher in those factories where transport facilities are not easily available as compared to those where such facilities are easily available or provided by the factory itself . 3. Hours of work: The long hours of work also affect the workers’ efficiency and consequently their sickness rate and absenteeism rate are increased. 4. Nightshift: It has also been pointed out that there is a greater percentage of absenteeism during the nightshifts than in the dayshifts, owing to the greater discomforts of work during the night-time. 5. Rural exodus: The committee also pointed out that probably the most predominant cause of absenteeism is the frequent urge of rural exodus. It has been noticed that the workers go back to their villages at the time of harvesting and sowing the crops. It increases the rate of absenteeism in factories. 6. Accident: Industrial accident depends upon the nature of work to be performed by the worker and his ability for doing that work. In case of hazardous nature of job, the accidents occur more frequently which lead to higher rate of absenteeism. 7. Social and religious Function: it has been noticed that workers become absent form their duty on occasions of social and religious functions. Since the workers like to join their families on such occasions, they go back to their villages for like to join short periods. 8. Drinking and amusement: the Labour Investigation committee pointed out that drinking and amusements are also responsible for absenteeism. Since drinking and amusements in the late hours of night make it difficult for the workers to reach in time on their duties. They like to become absent rather than late since they know that badli workers will be substituted for them, if they are late. 9.After Pay-Day: the Labour Investigation committee also noted the level of absenteeism is comparatively high immediately after the pay-day because they get their wages, they feel like having a good time or return to their villages to make purchases for the family and to meet them, so the absenteeism is high after they got paid. 10. Nature of work: the absenteeism rate is also affected by the nature of work. According to Prof. William pointed out that absenteeism prevails because workers are not accustomed to the factory life and factory discipline. In other words, absenteeism prevails because the nature of work in factories is different from that for which the worker is accustomed. So when they come to work in the factory, they feel strange, this new situation make them uncomfortable, so lead to high rate of absenteeism of the industrial workers. 11. Other causes : The above factor which are caused the absenteeism in the Industrial which are pointed out briefly by the Labour Commission. However, there can be tow other factors which caused the absenteeism in industrial sector. These factors are: a) personal Factors and b) workplace factors. A. Personal factor: The personal factor also divided into other sub-factors, these are: i. Personal Attitude: there are different attitude of employees. The Employees with strong workplace ethics will respect their work and appreciate the contribution they make to their companies. Such employees will not engage themselves in taking unscheduled off. On the other hand, employees with very low or no work ethics are indiscipline and have lot of integrity and behavioural issues. Since, they feel no obligation towards the company, absenteeism comes easily to them. ii. Age: The younger employees are often restless. They want to spend time with their friends and have fun, rather than being tied down with work responsibility. This lack of ownership often leads them to take unauthorized time off. With age, people gain experience and maturity, which makes them focused and responsible. Their approach is rather professional and they prefer to stick to their chairs to get the work done. If ever they are found absent, then it could be due to sickness. iii .Seniority: Employees, who have been with the company for a long time are well-adjusted with the working culture and the job, therefore, they find no reason to be absent without permission. On the other hand, new hires are more prone to taking ad hoc breaks to unwind themselves. iv. Gender: Women generally do a balancing act by shuffling their time between home and work. Family, being their foremost priority, they don’t think twice before taking a step towards absenteeism. B. Workplace Factors i. Stress: The pressure at work sometimes takes a toll on the employees. This results in increased levels of stress. The employees then resort to excuses that can help them stay away from work. ii. Work Routine: Doing the same job over a period of time can get monotonous. The employees find the job functions boring. They rather choose time off to do something interesting than come to work. iii. Job Satisfaction: If employees do not find their job challenging, dissatisfaction creeps in. That leads to more absenteeism in the workplace. III. Effect of absenteeism: The effects of the absenteeism of the workers in the factories adversely effect to the employers, the cost of production of the factory is increased because of the absent of the workers, by employed extra temporary staffs in order to replace the absentee. The effects of absenteeism in the workplace are directly proportionate to decreased productivity. The company, eventually, is trying to cover up the direct and indirect cost involved to hire temporary staff, and pay employees for overtime. So the cost of the production of the company is increased as the result they increase the price of the commodity, so the consumers have to pay high price for the commodities.. However, the workers themselves also effect of the absenteeism because their income is reduced according to the principle of â€Å"no work no pay†, as the result their standard of live decreased. Thus, absenteeism adversely affects the employers and the workers, and consumers and ultimately , it can be adverse affect to the growth of the economy in the country. so all these give rises to many industrial labour and social problems. IV. Method to remedy the absenteeism As regard to the measure to be adopted to remove the absenteeism, the Bombay Textile Labour Enquiry committee stated that â€Å"the proper conditions of work in the factory, adequate wages, protection from accident and sickness, and facilities for obtaining leave for rest and recuperation constitute the most effective means of reducing absenteeism. The Labour investigation committee, agreed with the above view, stated that â€Å"the excessive fatigue and sweated conditions of work are bound to create a defence mechanism’ in the worker and if adding results are to be obtained, the best policy would be to improve conditions of work and life for the workers and make them feel contented and happy. Therefore, the Committee suggested that the most effective way of dealing with absenteeism is to provide holiday with pay or even without pay and permit workers to attend their private affairs occasionally and thus regularise absenteeism instead of merely taking disciplinary actions for it . Provision of suitable housing facilities in industrial towns should also go a long way in improving attendance. Besides, the above provisions a sense of responsibility towards industry should be created among the workers through proper education and training. The workers’ participation in the management of industry, introduction of an incentive wage scheme and linking wages and bonus with production may also prove very helpful in checking the rate of absenteeism.

Andromeda Strain essays

Andromeda Strain essays Michael Crichton uses three common devices with ease in his novel, Sphere. The devices being: rhetoric, semantics, and style. Crichton uses these devices to incorporate a sense of unity in the writing. It is not difficult to incorporate this unity into a novel when the devices are properly used. When doing so, they flow together to create a more visual experience for the reader. These devices of writing are what create the environment for an understandable, yet interesting storyline. Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively and persuasively. In doing so, the use of rhetoric fits in with how the writer of the story thinks and speaks. Crichton is an intellectual, yet he does not write in a sense where the reader cannot understand. He chooses to discuss many intellectual concepts, but in the process, Crichton makes them easy to understand by explaining them simply. The wasnt geometric. And it wasnt amorphous or organic, either. It was hard to say what it was. (Crichton, 117) In this excerpt, Crichton makes reference to a pattern. He describes it enough to leave the feeling of not knowing what it is besides just a simple pattern. Therefore, creating the feeling in which the characters feel. Semantics refer to the study of language forms. In Sphere, the language is not too different. Every character in the novel is in fact an intellectual in one form or another. They speak correct grammar, and communicate well with each other. The social environment, which is formed, makes for smooth transitions of communication. The linguistics Crichton chose to use made the novel more appealing to the average reader. Style can be defined as the way the author chooses to portray the characters and setting in his story. Crichton picks a parallel in his novel. The plot of Sphere deals with space exploration and alien existence. Yet Crichton does not put the setting in outer space, but in the dee...