Ethics vs. Capitalism - 2412 Words

Can Business Ethics Capitalism coexist? The concept of business ethics has tried to change the way businesses operate over the years. Business ethics is a form of ethics that governs the actions of businesses to circumvent the affects business has on every day society. But some question its effectiveness in the application of capitalism. Several case studies have shown that this is the case; many companies place the pursuit of money in front of the pursuit of virtue. Although, the majority of companies are not in the spotlight of acting unethically, can we conclude that they follow the ethical norms? It is natural for normal human beings to act ethical but businesses are on a completely different playing field. But could business†¦show more content†¦The third and final commonly used type of ethical behavior is virtue ethics. Virtue ethics, unlike utilitarianism and deontology, depends on the virtue of the individual. This virtue is learned from their surroundings so that he or she can be an upstanding member of t he community. When this virtue is obtained the individual can make ethical decisions without a second thought. The virtue of an individual should be naturally good in order for a person to have ethical decisions (Donaldson 10). If the person makes all the right decisions but does them only to make himself or the company look good, then this person does not have virtue itself because he gives his ethical actions a second thought and he is only doing these things because he must. Even though there are many ways of defining ethics, it is troublesome to apply to capitalism. Capitalism is the concept of a free market, so with ethics ruling businesses decisions, does the concept of a free market does exist? In my opinion business ethics and capitalism do not mix because the two are naturally contradictory. Even though there are many kinds of ethics they are all a type of control to ones actions and in a capitalist free market, there are no controls. In capitalism business are expected to make the pursuit of profit its first priority but with business ethics this is not the case. I have never read of a business praisedShow MoreRelated Business Ethics vs. Capitalism Essay2407 Words   |  10 PagesThe concept of business ethics has tried to change the way businesses operate over the years. Business ethics is a form of ethics that governs the actions of businesses to circumvent the affects business has on every day society. But some question its effectiveness in the application of capitalism. Several case studies have shown that this is the case; many companies place the pursuit of money in front of the pursuit of virtue. Although, the majority of companies are not in the spotlight of actingRead MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 Pagesthese theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalism, how it has developed, shaped and changed society into what it is today. Specifically, Karl Marx’s contribution of the bourgeoisie vs. the proletariat class and Max Weber’s social stratification has helped individuals to understand how modern day society has transformed into what it is today. Particularly, this paper will lie out Weber’s theory of social stratification and Marx’s theory of the bourgeoisie vs. the proletariat class; additionally thisRead More Marx’s Views on Religion vs. My Own Essay514 Words   |  3 Pages Marx’s Views on Religion vs. My Own Karl Marx wrote that religion was, â€Å"an opiate of the people.† Although those words were not published in The German Ideology, they best describe his various views on religion. Marx wrote that there was a social relationship between the upper class or bourgeoisie and religion. The upper class that owned the means of production used religion as a tool to keep the working class or proletariat, oppressed and poor. Marx criticized that religion had so many ulteriorRead MoreCapitalism and Society1597 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx and Max Webber both many had many philosophies of the capitalism and its effects on society. Their ideas helped pave the way and expand on theories of previous sociologists. Both men have a deep insight of socioeconomic class in the origins and development of modern capitalism. This paper will analyze the impact of capitalism on society as perceived by both men and the areas in which they agreed, disagreed, and expanded on the ideas of the other. In many ways, the Weberian theory wasRead MoreWho Stole The American Dream?756 Words   |  4 Pagess proposed solutions, however. All of Smith s proposed tactics are quite liberal (as opposed to leftist) in nature. I see the problems as outlined by Smith to be the products of a market economy. The primary goal of capitalism is to generate wealth for capitalists, and capitalism has been successful in its goals (with predictable casualties and harms). I believe that a market system of economics is in direct conflict with justice and democracy. Corporations are interested in generating revenueRead MoreThe Meaning of Work2155 Words   |  9 PagesMGMT314 D004 Win 12 | | | | | The Meaning of Work The meaning of work is just as different to people as the meaning of life. So many things are involved in what work really means. This includes morals and principles, personal work ethics, responsibility and the list goes on. When it comes to deciding the right combination one must remember to stay true to oneself in order to become honestly successful in the business world. Rationality is not an easy concept to understand. By definitionRead MoreFast Food Industry Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans in a pitiful state. It has also become a very significant in terms of the American economy, as it is one of the largest employers in the nation, which has led to it becoming one of the most successful industries to block unionization. While the ethics of the fast food industry’s practices can be debated, with the current power that the industry has on the very administrations that are in charge of regulating, there is no signal of change for the manner in which the industry operates. KnowledgeRead MoreMoral Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Ethics1266 Words   |  6 PagesBeidong Zhang Philosophy 108 Prof. Meredith Gunning Final Examination December, 6, 2014 Section A Moral theories of Utilitarianism and Deontology Utilitarianism and deontological ethics are two major theories of ethics, specifying and justifying moral principles. Utilitarianism has been clarified by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Bentham proposed that actions are based upon the consequences (Moreland, 2009), and ongoing work on his theory will help in providing groundsRead MoreOur True Nationality Is Mankind1112 Words   |  5 Pagesquestioned. In fact, it s a foregone conclusion that people should love the nation in which they reside. Some people even take great pride in the fact that they were arbitrarily born in a specific geographical location. Unfortunately, like religion or capitalism, nationalism is alive and well in the 21st century. Throughout the history of human civilization, people have been creating, critiquing and altering institutions. For instance, people have been condemning religion for centuries, indeed millenniaRead MoreKey Pillar Of A Competitive And Growing Economy Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst to study the impact of National Culture on economic success in his research  «The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism » (1905). The scientist gave insights into how cultures and religious beliefs could influence the economy and decision-making. He related several aspects of culture, such as religion, and came to a conclusion that religion was a driving factor for the rise of capitalism. He argued that entrepreneurs were not solely encouraged to create economic value through economic

The Performance Of The Spring Concert - 1675 Words

Achievement in band is often judged by the band’s performance at concerts. Concerts are typically considered the culminating event of the class. Students, parents, and teachers alike judge the quality of learning by the quality of performance. The spring concert is compared to the winter concert to show how much the ensemble has improved throughout the school year and therefore how much learning has taken place (Barden, 2009). Douglas Orzolek, a music education expert in the state of Minnesota, attended a state school board conference and asked a group of volunteers how they assessed their school music programs. The answers he received included, â€Å"No complaints or letters from parents or students, ‘good’ concerts, ‘good’ trips, a strong pep band for games, trophies and awards, and good numbers† (Orzolek, 2006 para. 6). Although music has been taught in public schools as a curricular subject since the 1930s, music education has struggled to be considered an academically legitimate class. In the 1970s a greater emphasis was placed on competition between music groups in an attempt to substantiate the importance of music. As a result, music is often compared to athletics and other extracurricular activities despite the fact that it is a curricular course of study. This also led to the idea that a first place award in a competition indicates a high level of education. A trophy from a marching band invitation or concert band festival was meant to prove the importance of music toShow MoreRelatedMusic Class At The Spring Voice Recital857 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the Intro to Music class went to the Spring Voice Recital. Due to the last concert, I was excited to listen to the performers this week. Similarly to the other productions, there was anxious chatter upon entering the theater. Over the past couple of weeks, I have grown accustomed to this scene, or atmosphere. Furthermore, I look forward to attending in view of t he fact that there seems to be a tight knit community among those who frequent the concerts. I get a sense that everyone knows everyoneRead MoreChange Analysis Vision802 Words   |  4 PagesAND COST ESTIMATE FOR MUSICAL CONCERT SPRING 2012 A proposal and work breakdown structure for a musical concert scheduled to hold in spring of 2012. This proposal contains the description of the project, its objectives as well as the cost associated with the project. ------------------------------------------------- SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATE FOR MUSICAL CONCERT SPRING 2012 A proposal and work breakdown structure for a musical concert scheduled to hold in spring of 2012. This proposal containsRead MoreI Attended The Concert Called Artpower ! Presents : St. Lawrence String Quartet949 Words   |  4 Pages On November 7, I attended the concert called â€Å"ArtPower! Presents: St. Lawrence String Quartet† at 8pm in CPMC, UCSD. Four artists performed it: Geoff Nuttall, Mark Fewer for violin, Lesley Robertson for viola, and Christopher Constanza for cello. They performed three String quartets, composed in different eras. The first one is â€Å" String Quartet in C major, Op.76, No.3 ‘Emperor’,† composed by Franz Josef Haydn, 1732-1809. The second one is †Five Pieces for Spring Quartet,† composed by Erwin SchulhoffRead MoreBand Program Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesextra-curricular course for students looking to pursue music in college. †¢ Jazz Ensemble and Jazz Orchestra - Jazz Ensemble is a great way to get students interested in another art form aside from classical music. Students are still required to be a part of a concert band, but having Jazz bands allows another avenue for student engagement. This is an extra-curricular course for students looking to develop new musical skills. †¢ Chamber Ensemble- Students enrolled in the chamber ensemble benefit from learning valuableRead MoreReno Philharmonic Orchestra At The Pioneer Center1103 Words   |  5 PagesII. Kraftig bewegt, doch nicht zu schnell III. Feierlich und gemessen, ohne zu schleppen IV. Sturmich bewegt Before the concert began the Reno Phil director Laura Jackson held a preview discussion to offer her insights on the music that were in store for the evening. Ms. Jackson started by telling the patrons that the violin concerto that we were about to hear was like â€Å"spring†. As she continued we were informed that Mr. Benjamin Beilman was going to be playing on an â€Å"Antonio Stradivari violin fromRead MoreDevelopmental Aspects of Play1242 Words   |  5 Pages Appointments Only 718 270 4929 Music 100 Please leave email Introduction to World Music Syllabus-Spring 2013 This course is an introduction to music and to the musical mechanics from a global perspective. There will be three aims: †¢ to increase the students understanding of music, including its elements, structures, and terminology through live performances, students and guest artists; †¢ to increase the students awareness, cultural connections to explore and theirRead MoreDance Of Concert Response Paper1592 Words   |  7 PagesCSULB Dance In Concert Response Paper 21st of May, California State University of Long Beach held the CSULB Dance In Concert at Martha B. Knoebel Dance Theater with the collaboration and choreography by the CSULB dance faculty such as Colleen Dunagan, Rebecca Lemme, Sophie Monat, Andrew Vaca, and featuring guest Laurel Jenkins and Doug Varone. From the show, the dances represented through various genre such as contemporary, contemporary ballet, and modern dance. The element of contemporary definesRead MoreConcert At Msg, And I Missed It929 Words   |  4 PagesAnd they were able to share the very specific artists and shows that they have seen and would like to see next. I believe it was a Michael Buble Concert at MSG, and I missed it as I was away on my honeymoon†¦Yes, I m planning to check out Shakespeare in the Park in the next few weeks as it just opened for the season†¦Live events help bring out the exciting adventurous side of my personality, as well as the energetic and fun-loving side. Dina I want peace and culture that I feel through ballet andRead MoreBeyonces Costume Design1206 Words   |  5 Pagesof her image. Beyonce is clearly trying to bring back a very sexy and edgy image, which can be accomplished with the use of synthetic multifilament fibers like lame and Lycra in order to give her the strength and flexibility she needs in crucial performances. Qualities as a Designer As a fashion student, I can bring in-depth knowledge of textiles, weaves, and yarns in order to best provide Beyonce with the combination of sexiness, glamour, and functionality that she demands. I have access to qualityRead MoreImportance Of Music Chair Conposition1069 Words   |  5 Pagesguitar program was struggling with a lack of continuity and low quality student performance. GSU ranks as one of the most diverse universities in the country with its main campus in the heart of downtown Atlanta, and the GSU guitar studio mirrors this diversity, comprising numerous ages, races, genders, nationalities, and majors with differing professional goals. Because the GSU SOM offers degrees in Music Performance, Music Education, Music Composition, Music Technology, and Music Management, all

Health And Disease In Communities Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(89) " of disease generation outweighed the happening of the little unappreciable fluctuation\." The different bureaus responsible in placing degrees of wellness and disease in communities are the undermentioned: World Health Organisation, Health Protection Agency and the Primary Care Trusts. This three may hold different particulars in footings of their aims and marks but they are normally working on towards a safer and wellness riskless environment. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) maps are chiefly in supplying support and services to the different wellness attention establishments around the Earth particularly those who chiefly need it e. We will write a custom essay sample on Health And Disease In Communities Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. low executing wellness attention suppliers on a per state footing, freshly debilitated countries and the likes. The administration besides joins forces with other necessary wellness attention administrations in order for them to get aid in the execution of certain programmes or activities locally. Their outreach workss are most particularly recognized during national catastrophes, catastrophes, eruptions and other global dismaying state of affairss. Another bureau that aids in detecting degrees of wellness and diseases is the Health Protection Agency ( HPA ) . Harmonizing to HPA ( 2010 ) ‘The maps of the Agency are â€Å" to protect the community ( or any portion of the community ) against infective diseases and other dangers to wellness † ( HPA Act 2004 ) . ‘ This means that any alterations in the degree of wellness in a certain community particularly those which are caused by the engagement of a certain individual to unsafe materials/chemicals/equipments is being watched by the HPA. The bureau is specifically designed to provide this sort of concerns and are tasked to forestall harmful incidences from happening and to avoid jailbreaks if such state of affairs occurs. On the other manus, Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) is fundamentally more specific in footings of attention proviso since they focus on a certain country assigned to them. For illustration, if Wandsworth is the country coverage of a certain PCT so they are specifically tasked to run into the demands of the people shacking in that said topographic point. They must make their best to make out to every individual occupant and supply them the attention that they need since this is seen as one of the wellness searcher ‘s privilege. When outbreaks go on PCT is besides responsible for placing the community ‘s position. Word count: 351 Answer 1 – 1.2 An epidemiological survey last 2007 in Africa showed a important addition in incidence rate as seen in Appendix A table 1 [ page 20 ] . Over all, from the twelvemonth 2006 to 2007, there was an extra 0.9 % of instances added go forthing the incidence informations markedly higher than the figure of prevalence instances. The 2015 mark prevalence rate was set to 384 per 100,000 population. The current surveillance displayed 692 instances per 100,000 population. The figure of deceases related to the TB disease even displayed a more fickle rate. Mortality rate was 230 per 100,000 population per twelvemonth with a mark figure of 39 for this approaching 2015. This means that Africa still has a long manner to travel in cut downing the figure of instances ( deceases and incidence ) , eight old ages might be well plenty from sensing to direction procedure but all are still in the custodies of the wellness attention suppliers, administrations and programmes involved with it. Mentioning still to postpone 1, multidrug-resistant TB instances ‘ per centum is at the same clip spiking together with the incidence rate. The lone positive projection showed by the tabular arraies is the DOTC instance sensing rates which have been run intoing the coveted ends of the anti-TB programme. Additionally, there is a steady addition in new phlegm vilification ( positive/negative ) , new extrapulmonary, backsliding and retreatment presentments. On table 2 [ page 20 ] , the unfavorable results per centums resulted to decease, failures, defaults, transportations and non rating. Large rates of new phlegm smear positive instances lead to decease, defaults, transportations and nonevalutaion while new sputum smear negative instances lead to immense figure of deceases and defaults. Same thing goes with new extrapulmonary instances but few instances resulted to failure entirely. Retreatment instances were besides high which resulted to all unpleasant factors. The DOTS coverag e have been executing good since 2003 and above, but intervention programs did non travel good throughout the important period although instance sensing rates were all good. The job significantly lies on the intervention direction and behavior. Case sensing rates were already found to be greatly improved which means countries on direction programs are now going the oculus of aims. Diabetes rates in Africa were n’t that high ( see Appendix B image 1 page 21 ) . Table 3 Appendix B shows the population sample for the diabetes instance anticipation. Merely 3-5 % in ages 35-64 old ages old is affected although this can increase significantly or duplicate up in several old ages. Africa did non either come in the axial rotation of taking states who are likely to be portion of the universe ‘s highest diabetes instances for both twelvemonth 2000 and 2030 anticipation. Compared to the TB disease rates, diabetes is more likely lupus erythematosus of a concern for the wellness administrations and all attempts must be concentrated on TB bar and obliteration. Word count: 454 Answer 1 – 1.3 The TB ( TB ) instance study show a gradual one-year addition from the twelvemonth 2005 to 2009 on the figure of people infected in United Kingdom with exclusion on the twelvemonth 2007 where the instances dropped down to -0.7 % . England has the largest figure of TB instances making to several 1000s while the other states are merely holding an norm of 100s and less. The state that got the lowest rate of instances was Northern Ireland with twelvemonth 2005 as the highest. The tabular array showed that the steps taken to take down down the incident rate were clearly effectual. This state of affairs was, nevertheless, opposite with Scotland, England and Wales. Although the 2nd and 3rd states aforementioned showed a little dip in the per centum of instances for one peculiar twelvemonth, the consistence of disease generation outweighed the happening of the little unappreciable fluctuation. You read "Health And Disease In Communities Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay exampl es" The 2nd chart sing the regional instances of TB seems to hold the ability to catch the reader ‘s eyes. Obviously, London has the highest figure of instances and this is rather expected and logically true. The metropolis is known for its multicultural and multidiverse race, this means that the attack can go a batch harder since each civilization has its ain alone features towards wellness attention. When a certain act is done in order to cut down the figure of incidence, different people with distinguishable imposts will respond to this unreproducibly and this is one factor that can greatly impact the end of the national wellness bureaus to take down down and extinguish such disease. South East, West Midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber showed a changeless ascent in the figure of instances. South West and North West both have a steady rate with the twelvemonth 2009 as the highest. East Midlands, East of England and North East had unpredictable fluctuations. By and large, the sprea d of instances between London and the other parts range from 2500 to 3000. The diagram clearly gave out a decision that the range of country and population mass are merely few factors that can give out a good relation on the incidence rate. Word count: 345 Answer 1 – 1.4 The effectivity of the different attacks and schemes in commanding fleshiness ( a noncontagious disease ) and malaria – a catching one, is greatly shown on the ability of public wellness squads and administrations to forestall and command the spread of the certain disease in a community. Since the mark is laid locally per Se, the method becomes more efficient particularly when a national station execution study is done to look into whether the state of affairs has calmed down. Aiming for a group-by-group intercession can do the planned solution and even the epidemiological survey more specific and viewed as a case-to-case footing. The epidemiological survey is one really of import scheme since it determines the incidence and prevalence of such disease in a given country. The consequences of the epidemiological survey are so used as a footing for be aftering for actions, implementing activities and determination as to whether the disease happening has become extended or non. Du e to this information gathered, the extension in footings of figure of instances of such disease can be halted. Assorted programmes will be implemented by several administrations. After some period of clip, another study will be done to look into for betterments or deterioration of the identified incident. For noncontagious diseases such as fleshiness, besides known as the taking factor for high blood pressure and diabetes, activities will more likely be related to information airing through wellness publicity and instruction. Normally, programmes will be divided into the undermentioned classs: publicity, bar, healing and rehabilitation. This will let better consequences since this can forestall farther happening through publicity of wellness and bar, eliminates instances through healing attack and prevents decease rates through rehabilitation. Bogle ( 2007 ) states that ‘Prevention is finally the most effectual scheme. ‘ This is non merely applicable to one disease but to the remainder of the identified diseases every bit good. Catching diseases, nevertheless, does the same programmes but are a batch more extended and thorough since the rate of addition is greater compared to those diseases which are noncontagious. Due to several attacks and schemes done by the public wellness administrations, diseases which are considered to be really damaging have been isolated and controlled. However, some of these schemes are proven to be less efficient in TB control establishing from the given chart of TB septic people in the United Kingdom. Word count: 376 Answer 2 – 2.1 There are current precedences in service proviso for those people infected with Chlamydia peculiarly in United Kingdom. One precedence recognized comes in increasing epidemiological surveies which involves finding the best diagnostic procedure/test. Greenhouse ( n.d. ) states that: [ T ] he hapless sensitiveness and specificity of clinical marks in diagnostic pelvic infection have long been demonstrated by laparoscopy, which is often normal despite hurting and proved infection. [ 4 ] Laparasocopy has been shown to be inaccurate when audited by fimbrial histology, [ 5 ] projecting uncertainty on the findings of some authoritative epidemiological studies.A A more extended research and survey must be implemented in order to for good eliminate diagnostic mistakes which are proven to be one of the chief hinderances in better quality wellness attention proviso. Service enlargement late underwent a alteration through implementing a national showing plan since the assignment of such duty to the local sectors did non give out a good consequence despite the lengthy and expensive steps undertaken ( ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ , 2010 ) . The first intercession turned out to be a failure in the sense that the PCTs were n’t able to properly manage the given duty. However, this was n’t the Primary Care Trust ‘s mistake since harmonizing to the Chairman of the Committee of Public Accounts, Edward Leigh ( n.d. every bit cited in ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ 2010 ) : †¦ the duty for presenting a national enterprise is pushed down to local degree, with small idea about the mechanisms and intercessions needed at national and regional degree to keep efficiency and impulse. Another precedence identified is the effectual clinical bar services and high quality sexual wellness. Prevention is ever the key to a most cost effectual scheme. Further seen precedence is most likely focused on the healing procedure since when such infection is non treated ; it can ensue to lay waste toing wellness jobs e.g. pelvic inflammatory diseases, chronic hurting, sterility. Approaches to serve proviso for people with Chlamydia have become more approachable due to the presence of PCTs. Screening and intervention have been widely dispersed ; spreads and other necessary preparations have been continually identified and developed in order to avoid the chance of incorrect diagnosings, wrong interventions and wastage of resources. The service proviso have become countrywide and this thoroughly helped towards the end of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme ( 2010 ) which is to ‘ †¦ run into current marks of 17 per cent testing in community outside GUM and work towards degrees of 35 to 50 per cent overall in the community and GUM. ‘ Word count: 398 Answer 2 – 2.2 Determining the HIV prevalence rate for wellness attention proviso becomes the footing in formation of planning and activities to be implemented. Knowing the root cause of such disease incidence helps in aiming the specific issue, this assists in doing the designed programmes to go speedy and efficient. It ‘s like extinguishing the demand to travel around the shrubs by cognizing one direct responsible way. The demands needed for wellness attention proviso will ever depend on how the initial procedures turned out. For illustration, if a certain country has been found to hold an alarming figure of HIV infected instances so this would necessitate expert resources. Bing able to hold a partial mentality on the current status of the eruption can assist in apportioning the resources good, implement prioritization and supply the right information that the public demands. The ‘Human Sciences Research Council ‘ ( n.d. ) states that ‘The HIV and AIDS and STI Strategic Pl an recognises monitoring and rating ( M A ; E ) as an of import policy and direction tool. ‘ Just how expressed the schemes and methods of the UK in combating against HIV are, this is precisely how stiff the wellness attention service proviso are excessively. The degrees of HIV prevalence will state which province actions are so taken by the whole sectors and administrations involved. Consequently, this will pick the necessary demands to decently turn to the wellness concerns and the identified causes will be closely monitored, farther probe will even be done to look into whether new signifier of transmittals has developed. More preventative steps will besides be implemented since this can avoid happening. The importance of finding the evidences for HIV disease growing besides lies in the significance of being able to properly educate the people ( portion of the demand execution scheme ) and place steps that can assist avoid such happening by educating the identified vulnerable group. Designation of steps lucifers up with the causes of HIV. In general, the relationship between HIV prevalence, causes and demands are intertwined and one country will ever look up the other country or else there will be trouble in the agencies of eliminating the job. Word count: 349 Answer 2 – 2.3 The impact of baccy smoke in the wellness service proviso planning in the hereafter is the addition in greater bar investing harmonizing to the ‘NAO Report on undertaking wellness inequalities: Mentions to smoking ‘ ( n.d. ) . The uninterrupted addition on the figure of baccy tobacco users must hold made the consciousness run become stronger due to the version of the phrase ‘prevention is ever better than remedy ‘ . Health functionaries are cognizant of the disputing state of affairs that nicotine nuts must get the better of, that is why there is no better manner than forestalling the people from prosecuting in this sort of frailty. One survey besides proved the necessity of fleshiness decrease in relation to the good worsening rates of tobacco users. Harmonizing to Stewart ( 2009 ) , it is necessary that both of the issues must be addressed with importance wholly because ‘If past fleshiness tendencies continue unbridled, the negative effects on the wellness of the U.S. population will progressively outweigh the positive effects gained from worsening smoking rates. ‘ This suggests that the impact of baccy smoke non merely touches one country of a wellness service programme which is the nicotine dependance obliteration since the consequence can besides destroy other wellness service concerns such as the anti-diabetes/obesity run. Due to the ability of smoking jobs to act upon other bing wellness attention jobs, the impact to future wellness service proviso planning might ensue to a more stiff and tight policies. This can go a good land for publishing a compulsory consequence that consists of a mark en d. The key to the ability of the full state to implement such ambitious actions or intercessions would come from the willingness of the wellness functionaries, administrations and squads to present the planned services and schemes immediately. We are already running out of clip since the disease tendency itself is showing a gradual addition, there shall be no more alibis made and everyone must besides be called to work hand-in-hand. Word count: 316 Answer 2 – 2.4 Peoples who have been enduring from fleshiness require professional aid particularly that today ‘s tendency with respects to unhealthy lifestyle effects have been increasing. One administration that can efficaciously present out a service for free is the National Obesity Forum ( NOF ) . Most of today ‘s wellness ogranisations have been going alarmed with the deficiency of preventative steps that people must be exerting. NOF is one scheme implemented due to the dismaying disease rates, harmonizing to them: [ tungsten ] vitamin E are peculiarly concerned with the deficiency of focal point on bar and structured direction of corpulence and corpulent persons in primary attention and the consequence this has on society. Obesity, as a disease, is an issue which affects non merely the wellness service but has a knock-on consequence for the economic system, industry, instruction and government.A Aside from the preventative services, direction is besides one factor that needs to be taken into consideration. A batch of corpulent people are holding a difficult clip in seting to their life style ( eating wonts, exercising and etc. ) . This factor makes it so nerve-racking for corpulent patients since changing wonts can be hard. The NOF has late released a new criterion for pull offing wellness service users viz. the Very Low Energy Diets. Whichever establishment a client may take to get the wellness services needed, this criterion can be helpful since this is where other private establishments are traveling to establish their manner of attention. Another manner of direction is the fleshiness surgery ; this can be acquired from any establishment of pick and has been proven to be an effectual manner to extinguish fleshiness although this has n’t been found to be a cost-efficient step. Harmonizing to the BBC News ( 2006 ) , other steps that can be helpful for fleshiness obliteration are the wellness cheques, inclusion of athleticss installations on lodging undertakings, free fleshiness surgery services, revenue enhancement of nutrient high in Calories and supplying rhythm lanes. Word count: 311 Answer 3 – 3.1 Precedences for the kids ‘s well being must be based in conformity to the common wellness issues that the younger age groups are confronting and are forecasted to be confronting. Issues that kids normally face are infective diseases, risky environment, maltreatment and malnutrition. Infectious diseases such as the H. Pylori which is normally acquired by kids in the low socioeconomic group are to be detected on kids holding the symptoms and treated early. Infectious diseases can ensue to enfeebling long term effects and hence appropriate wellness solutions such as bar and immediate remedy are of import. A risky environment can include kids holding parents who are smoking baccy on their presence, a non kid safe room construction e.g. approachable hot surface and the likes. Accidents account for a big figure of kids who are handicapped and of mortality rates. The Child Safety Week ( 2010 ) provinces: [ s ] erious accidents can do hurts to kids that take months or old ages to mend. The psychological harm caused to kids and their households frequently lasts a life-time. Yet many of these accidents can be prevented by taking merely a minute, to travel a hot drink, look into a fume dismay, lock the medicine cabinet, exchange off the drier or take your pes off the gas pedal. A great trade of attending must besides be given to this country in order to protect the kids really good. Abuse is another issue that does n’t merely ensue to physical hurt but injuring including the emotional facet of the kid. Health services such as the Child Protection Agency are the animal trainers of this issue and services provided are non merely limited to one country since this require a uninterrupted and multi service proviso. Another wellness status that is rather taken for granted is the malnutrition issues that kids are confronting. Fleshiness is going a major concern and most of the instances involved people who have been overweight since birth. There ‘s no better manner than turn toing the job by aiming the early ages since control is still better handled compared to corpulent people who are already populating a considerable sum of old ages in their life. Generally talking, all of these wellness jeopardies can be decently managed, controlled and prevented by the community attention establishments that are responsible for attention proviso. Equally long as programs, intercessions and ends are all taken earnestly, wellness precedences for kids will be met. Word count: 392 Answer 3 – 3.2 The effectivity of policies implemented for the well being of the kids can be seen on the incorporation of Torahs to Centres which involve kid attention. Several bureaus which are regarded as a large subscriber to implementing kid wellness attention were besides being tapped and now are presently working together in one end. Harmonizing to Great Britain Department for Children, Schools and Families ( 2010 ) , partnerships of administrations have been structured and designed in order to let early incorporation of kid wellness attention services, this includes the engagement of PCTs and other local wellness governments. Due to the alterations made in the wellness continuity attention scheme, several services peculiarly those which targets kid attention have been found to be really effectual. Alterations besides resulted to the birth of other policies or polish of regulations in order to make a better manner of attention proviso. However, although some of the schemes and systems have been found to be effectual in covering with the jobs refering the kids, there are still several countries that call out for immediate and stiff intercession. Such instances would include betterment of results for looked after kids and bettering coaction with wellness sectors. These countries have proven to be rather unsatisfactory in run intoing the desired results. Governments have been invariably happening ways in order to advance the schemes which were being set. Parental support is besides incorporated as a manner to efficaciously turn to the issues of the kids ‘s public assistance. Community programmes have been invariably monitored and being remodeled particularly on today ‘s turning crisis. The manner of attention is being matched up with the current state of affairs in order to increase the feasibleness of the designed programs, schemes, policies and systems. Overall, the impact of the ordinances that are set in order to increase the advancement of results on the kid ‘s attention has been reasonably effectual. Several ordinances need to be reconstructed and reviewed while other policies need more action. Word count: 317 Answer 3 – 3.3 Several alterations still need to be implemented for the kids ‘s good being. These alterations include ‘promoting the societal and emotional well-being of kids in primary instruction ‘ ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008 ) , educational information airing aiming kids ‘s parents, societal reform, restructuring of inter organizational cooperation and broadening of societal programmes on communities. The primary instruction has been considered to be one of the important phases of kids since this is the point where their values are being honed and how their emotional response is being triggered by the legion societal elements present in their environment. Human behavior is shaped harmonizing to how people are being raised and the constitution of a more sold foundation is the key to diminish wellness behaviors which are really unsafe. Educating parents must besides be done in every community since this is one of the effectual ways to assist and steer the direct carer of the kid ‘s well-being. Social workers must besides concentrate non merely to the kid ‘s status entirely but besides in looking after how his/her environment has been impacting the kid. Rearing programmes and activities in coordination with other worker administrations can be done since this can assist employers go sensitive to the demands of their workers. The current environment right now is already necessitating alone ways to near every quandary. Pressures coming from the working environment that are impacting every working family particularly parents are really much affected with this type of state of affairs. There is excessively much demand from work go forthing other duties in life abandoned which are seen to be purportedly a batch more of import. We can non deny the importance of occupations now a yearss and pretermiting them on the other manus is neither the best option. The greater solution would be to let the different sectors to fall in together and collaborate so that each side will be reasonably heard, considered and met. Having this done, we can state that a societal reform and inter organizational linkages have been built. Adopting a â€Å" kid friendly † logo in all countries can perfectly assist decrease the load that kids are now unconsciously confronting. Word count: 350 Answer 3 – 3.4 Note: Please mention to the tabular array cited in Appendix C [ page 22 ] Inculcating the significance of exercising early on the kid ‘s life style non merely increases their well-being during their childhood yearss but it besides allows them to be acquainted with such wellness health pattern. Even during the kid ‘s babyhood, inactive exercising had already been found to be a really effectual manner to develop the kid ‘s muscular and skeletal growing. Primary kids are particularly known to be hyper active in footings of activities and doing exercising as one of their daily activities can assist them non merely physically but in all facets. One of the ends enumerated is the importance of the kid to show a positive attitude towards exercising ; this can promote the kids to go concerted and it helps construct a positive consequence on them therefore leting them to love the feeling of holding their organic structures on the move. Teachers must besides ever indicate out what advantages they will be acquiring in a simple mode or in a method whe rein kids would appreciate and understand. This can be done by puting a image of a kid ‘s organic structure in a board while exerting ; every motion would so be matched up with the certain portion of the organic structure that has benefited the move. Implementing a particular hebdomad for a household athleticss fest wo n’t merely aim the kids ‘s well-being but it besides fosters parental or household bonding. This can be made successful by inquiring coordination with household administrations that exists in a community. Social community attention administrations or sectors can besides be invited and let this chance to go portion of the pilot testing of the effectiveness of the planned plan. This sort of activity can assist both related sectors to work together and go one or unified on their end. It besides increases the effectiveness of the ends targeted for the different sectors involved. Continuity of the exercising activity can even travel every bit far as holding interscholastic competitions ; this can be introduced to primary and third degree establishments. Word count: 325 Mentions BBC News, 2006. Obesity ‘could ruin the NHS ‘ [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6180991.stm [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Bogle, V. , 2007. Haringey Obesity Strategy 2007-2010 [ Online ] . p.12. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.haringey.nhs.uk/services/specialist/care_pathways_and_guidelines/obesity/obesity_strategy_adults.pdf [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Child Safety Week, 2010. The ‘Make clip for safety ‘ theme [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childsafetyweek.org.uk/child-safety-week/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Great Britain Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2010. Certain Start kids ‘s Centres: statutory counsel: response to the audience [ Online ] . London: Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp? guid=5bcdbe7b-0d02-46f4-a984-33f856a7ef34 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Greenhouse, P. , n.d. The 4th Bandolier Conference: Chlamydia. Positions from the infirmary [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/bandopubs/bandocon4/chlamyd.html # Heading4 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Health Protection Agency, 2010. What the Health Protection Agency Does? [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/ [ Accessed 25 July 2010 ] ‘Human Sciences Research Council ‘ , n.d. Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hsrc.ac.za/SAHA.phtml [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘NAO Report on undertaking wellness inequalities: Mentions to smoking ‘ , n.d. Key Recommendations [ Online ] . p.1. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_736.pdf [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘National Chlamydia Screening Programme ‘ , 2010. Commissioning [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chlamydiascreening.nhs.uk/ps/commissioners/summary.html [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008. Promoting kids ‘s societal and emotional well-being in primary instruction [ Online ] . p.3. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.headsupscotland.co.uk/documents/PH012Guidance.pdf [ Accessed 28 July 2010 ] National Obesity Forum, n.d. Welcome to the National Obesity Forum [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationalobesityforum.org.uk/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ , 2010. Report examines chlamydia testing plan [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/business/news/2010/01/report-examines-chlamydia-screening-programme/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Stewart, S. , Cutler, D. A ; Rosen, A. , 2009. The New England Journal of Medicine. Forecasting the Effects of Obesity and Smoking on U.S. Life Expectancy [ Online ] . 361, p.2252-2260. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0900459 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Wild, S. , Roglic, G. , Green, A. , Sicree, R. A ; King, H. , 2004. Diabetes Care. Global prevalence of diabetes [ Online ] . 27 ( 5 ) , p.1048. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/diabcare0504.pdf [ Accessed 30 July 2010 ] World Health Organization, 2010. Global Tuberculosis Control WHO Report 2009 [ Online ] . p.145. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/TB/PDF_Files/zaf.pdf [ Accessed 29 July 2010 ] World Health Organization, 2010. Prevalence of Diabetes [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/diabetes/actionnow/en/mapdiabprev.pdf [ Accessed 29 July 2010 ] How to cite Health And Disease In Communities Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

18th Century European Enlightenment Essay Example For Students

18th Century European Enlightenment Essay The Enlightenment is a name given by historians to an intellectual movement that was predominant in the Western world during the 18th century. Strongly influenced by the rise of modern science and by the aftermath of the long religious conflict that followedthe Reformation, the thinkers of the Enlightenment (called philosophes in France) were committed to secular views based on reason or human understanding only, which they hoped would provide a basis for beneficial changes affecting every area of life and thought. The more extreme and radical philosophesDenis Diderot, Claude Adrien Helvetius, Baron dHolbach, the Marquis de Condorcet, and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie (1709-51)advocated a philosophical rationalism deriving its methods from science and natural philosophy that would replace religion as the means of knowing nature and destiny of humanity; these men were materialists, pantheists, or atheists. Other enlightened thinkers, such as Pierre Bayle, Voltaire, David Hume, Jean Le Rond Dalembert, and Immanuel Kant, opposed fanaticism, but were either agnostic or left room for some kind of religious All of the philosophes saw themselves as continuing the work of the great 17th century pioneersFrancis Bacon, Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz, Isaac Newton, and John Lockewho had developed fruitful methods of rational and empirical inquiry and had demonstrated thepossibility of a world remade by the application of knowledge for human benefit. The philosophes believed that science could reveal nature as it truly is and show how it could be controlled and manipulated. This belief provided an incentive to extend scientificmethods into every field of inquiry, thus laying the groundwork for the development of the modern social sciences. The enlightened understanding of human nature was one that emphasized the right to self-expression and human fulfillment, the right to think freely and express ones views publicly without censorship or fear of repression. Voltaire admired the freedom he found in England and fostered the spread of English ideas on the Continent. He and his followers opposed the intolerance of the established Christian churches of their day, as well as the Europeangovernments that controlled and suppressed dissenting opinions. For example, the social disease which Pangloss caught from Paquette was traced to a very learned Franciscan and later to a Jesuit. Also, Candide reminisces that his passion for Cunegonde first developedat a Mass. More conservative enlightened thinkers, concerned primarily with efficiency and administrative order, favored the enlightened despotism of such monarchs as Emperor Joseph II, Frederick II of Prussia, and Catherine II of Russia. Enlightened political thought expressed demands for equality and justice and for the legal changes needed to realize these goals. Set forth by Baron de Montesquieu, the changes were more boldly urged by the contributors to the great Encyclopedie edited in Paris by Diderotbetween 1747 and 1772, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Cesare Beccaria, and finally by Jeremy Bentham, whose utilitarianism was the culmination of a long debate on happiness and the means of achieving it. The political writers of the Enlightenment built on and extended the rationalistic, republican, and natural-law theories that had been evolved in the previous century as the bases of law, social peace, and just order. As they did so, they also elaborated novel doctrines of popular sovereignty that the 19th century would transform into a kind of nationalism that contradicted the individualistic outlook of the philosophes. Among those who were important in this development were historians such as Voltaire, Hume, William Robertson, Edward Gibbon, and Giambattista Vico. Their work showed that although all peoples shared a common human nature, each nation and every age also had distinctive characteristics that made it unique. These paradoxes were explored by early romantics such as Johann Georg Hamman and Johann Everywhere the Enlightenment produced restless men impatient for change but frustrated by popular ignorance and official repression. This gave the enlightened literati an interest in popular education. They promoted educational ventures and sought in witty, amusing, andeven titillating ways to educate and awaken their contemporaries. The stories of Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle or Benjamin Franklin, the widely imitated essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, and many dictionaries, handbooks, and encyclopedias produced by the enlightened were written to popularize, simplify, and promote a more reasonable view of life among the people of their time. .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 , .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .postImageUrl , .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 , .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83:hover , .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83:visited , .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83:active { border:0!important; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83:active , .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83 .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0dbb0a8518c5963a7fe5313de1a1df83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ky history EssayThe Enlightenment came to an end in western Europe after the upheavals of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era (1789-1815) revealed the costs of its political program and the lack of commitment in those whose rhetoric was often more liberal than their actions. Nationalism undercut its cosmopolitan values and assumptions about human nature, and the romantics attacked its belief that clear intelligible answers could be found to every question asked by people who sought to be free and happy. The skepticism of the philosophes was swept away in the religious revival of the 1790s and early 1800s, and the cultural leadership of the landed aristocracy and p rofessional men who had supported the Enlightenment was eroded by the growth of a new wealthy educated class of businessmen, products of the industrial revolution. Only in North and South America, where industry came later and revolution had not led to reaction, did the Enlightenment linger into the 19th century. Its lasting heritage has been its contribution to the literature of human freedom and some institutions in which its values have been embodied. Included in the latter are many facets of modern government, education, and philanthropy. Bibliography:None

Academic Writing A List of Essay Types

Academic Writing A List of Essay Types Here is a great list of most popular types of essays. Check it out, if you need any type of essay to be written by a professional essay writer, place an order. Academic Writing: What Is an Essay? An essay is a piece of writing, usually from an authors personal point of view. The essay must be well structured (i.e. organized) and presented in a way that the reader finds easy to follow and clear: it must look tidy and not present any obstacles to the reader. It must have a clear readable interesting style. Academic writing must contain an argument or claim. This means it must address an issue or raise a question and present the appropriate data or information to illustrate it in a logical sequence, and then analyze and comment on it critically both by reference to sources and by pointing out any illogicalities, such as inconsistencies or omissions. Students are assessed on their ability to select the appropriate and relevant information to illustrate their argument or claim. Good academic writing has a formal structure, unlike fictional or personal writing. Exploiting this means that readers know what to expect, which greatly helps the communication process. The burden of communication is not carried at the word or sentence level alone but through the overall structure and organization of the text. The content should be individual and reflect the writers argument and research. Essays contain the following basic elements. These may be in the form of paragraphs for undergraduate essays, or sections for postgraduate essays or dissertations. The overall structure of a thesis (as well as, to an extent, the chapters) will have a similar pattern. A definition of an essay is a rather vague, so far I havent seen a clear definition of what an essay is. It could be due to the reason that essay is multifunctional, i.e. it can be used for a variety of purposes, in a variety of settings, in different spheres etc. In view of academic work, lets try to define an essay from the academic standpoint. So, an academic essay can probably be best understood as a testing or trial of the value or nature of a thing. This kind of testing has been recently acquired as a pedagogical tool. In this case, the main purpose of essay writing is to improve students writing skills, to judge the comprehension and mastery of the material learned during classes. This helps to expose their analytical, organizational, critical thinking skills etc. A formal essay would normally ask the student to present his/her views on a given subject, thus making an essay strongly subjective. First person narration is usually strongly discouraged, if not prohibited. Normally an essay would comprise 5 paragraphs (essentially called a five paragraph essay), but there are many other types of essays: descriptive essays, narrative essays, compare and contrast essays, persuasive essays, argumentative essays, definition essays etc. Basically, you name the type of the essay according to the purpose it serves, here you can fi nd a more or less comprehensive list of essays: Art Essay Argumentative Essay Cause and Effect Essay Compare and Contrast Essay Classification Essay College Essay Creative Essay Critical Essay Current Event Essay Deductive Essay Timed Essay Analytical Essay Descriptive Essay Definition Essay Division and Classification Essay Evaluation Essay Exploratory Essay Expository Essay Feedback Essay Informal Essay Inquiry Essay Instruction Essay Interview Essay Scholarship Essay Test Essay Literature Essay Law Essay Narrative Essay Observation Essay Paragraph Essay Personal Essay Persuasive Essay Philosophy Essay Poetry Writing or Essay Process Essay Proposal Essay Pros and Cons Essay Reflective Essay Response or Reaction Essay Review Essay If you need help with any of the above-mentioned essay types, feel free to contact any of our writing professionals, who are always willing to provide you with a top quality paper, ensuring a top score. Here, at   we are available 24/7 to help you! is the service you can trust. Order an essay from a professional essay writer.

Reasons Not to Call Someone Racist

Reasons Not to Call Someone Racist It may not always be a good idea to call someone a racist, since many people, including bigots themselves, dont have a clear grasp of what racism is. Instead, they think racism is something in which only extremists take part. This means that even if a person does something that screams textbook â€Å"racist† to you, the individual in question will very likely disagree, making your decision to identify him as such backfire. Fortunately, other strategies to deal with racism exist than dropping the R-word. Labeling another person racist sometimes simply doesn’t work. Labeling Others Begets Defensiveness If you’ve ever called someone racist be it a friend, family member or coworker recall the person’s reaction. Did your acquaintance accept the label without question or challenge this description? More than likely, the person tried to defend his or herself and explain away any suggestion that she’s racist. When people become defensive, it’s difficult to get them to understand why their behavior offended others. So, rather than calling someone a name that will probably produce a knee-jerk reaction in him, focus on his behavior and how it upset you. Explain that your feelings were hurt when the person made a sweeping generalization about Latinos and how similar statements have led others to mistreat the racial group. Some Who Are Called Racist Issue Meaningless Apologies When public figures say or do something that society deems racist, they often apologize shortly after the gaffe lands them in the headlines, but this has proven problematic. One never knows if these figures apologize because they understand why their behavior hurt others or due to pressure from civil rights groups and the embarrassment of misstepping racially in public. The same thing can happen between two ordinary people. Say an employee accuses a co-worker of being racist. The co-worker apologizes out of fear of being reported to supervisors, a lawsuit being filed or being judged by fellow staffers, not because she truly feels remorse for causing hurt. Others who apologize for racist behavior may do so with no real agenda. These individuals may apologize because they dislike confrontation and are truly mortified about having said or done something considered racist. They say â€Å"sorry† to silence the other party and quickly get the awkward episode behind them. In each case, those labeled â€Å"racist† give empty apologies, ultimately learning little about racism and the hurt it causes. Racism Has Different Meanings for Different People Your definition of racism may not be the same as another’s  so calling someone else racist may not yield the results you’re after. If the person you believe is racist only considers people in white supremacist groups worthy of the label, it’s unlikely that the two of you will see eye-to-eye. Given this, rather than concentrate on the term â€Å"racist,† instead concentrate on why the person’s words or actions hurt you. Explain why you take issue with the person who clutched her purse when a black youth passed by or who talked down to a Latino serviceman. It’s definitely not your job to get others to â€Å"see the light† about racism, but if you’ve taken the risk of calling someone â€Å"racist,† it’s likely important to you that the individual in question understands why you object to her behavior. Therefore, explain to her that you don’t like when people make assumptions about others based on race. That’s why you spoke out when she clutched her purse upon crossing paths with a black youth. To you, that signals racial prejudice and you hope that she can refrain from such hurtful behavior in the future. Racism Is a General Word Sometimes â€Å"racism† isn’t the best word to describe someone’s behavior because it isn’t specific enough. Rather than using a word such as â€Å"racist,† perhaps you want to point out to a friend that his behavior stereotyped Asian women or that the comment he made about undocumented immigrants was xenophobic. The more specific you are when criticizing people for being racially insensitive, the better chance you have of getting them to see what made their behavior offensive. The Term Is Overused in Certain Circles In some settings, such as colleges and universities, words such as â€Å"racism† are thrown around all the time. The result is that racism and other â€Å"isms† begin to lose their currency. It may not be particularly disturbing for someone who hears references to various â€Å"isms† daily to suddenly find himself on the receiving end of such a term. The individual may easily shrug the label off, noting that  at his college classmates call people racist all the time. It’s then easy for him to reason that you are overreacting by using the term in reference to him. In such situations, you’re far better off focusing on the guy’s behavior than on labeling it. Ask him questions, such as how he knows it’s true that all people of a certain group engage in a particular activity. Challenge him when he professes to know that one racial group is better than another in certain fields. Wrapping Up By focusing on words and actions instead of on labels, you may be able to get individuals who show racial insensitivity to rethink their behavior. By calling them racist, however, you’re much more likely to get an empty apology and defensive rationalizations, all while the person who offended you remains as clueless about racism as ever.

Should Parents Send their Children to Private School If They Can Essay

Should Parents Send their Children to Private School If They Can Afford It - Essay Example This essay declares that private schools exist for different purposes, but the intrinsic and core characteristic of all private schools is the need to offer more than what is offered and available in public schools. Private schools offer learning curricula is specific and tailor made to suit the needs of their children as prescribed by their parents. Examples of private schools include convents, military schools and other learning institutions that share the similar characteristics with public schools. The only difference and distinguishing feature is the funding and curricula aspect of these two school systems. Public schools are considered ideal and fundamental approaches towards achieving social progress and reform. This paper makes a conclusion that public schools have been touted for providing a well-rounded education characterized by learning from both the academic and social context. This is attributed to the fact that public schools do not have selection criteria for whom they enroll as long an individual enrolls. The cultural, racial, class and deposition diversity in public provides a healthy environment for students to learn other social life skills that are not learnt in classrooms or close knit groups or private schools. Public schools offer an ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic environment that is a representative of the society that students will have to live in and experience. Thus, this setting is ideal for imparting and exposing students to their real world situation from a tender age where they are able to develop ‘people skills’. ... Examples of private schools include convents, military schools and other learning institutions that share the similar characteristics with public schools. The only difference and distinguishing feature is the funding and curricula aspect of these two school systems. Public schools are considered ideal and fundamental approaches towards achieving social progress and reform (Caldwell 2011, 95). Public schools offer a compact and non-discriminatory education irrespective of students’ socioeconomic background, tradition or culture. Public schools have been touted for providing a well-rounded education characterized by learning from both the academic and social context. This is attributed to the fact that public schools do not have selection criteria for whom they enroll as long an individual enrolls. The cultural, racial, class and deposition diversity in public provides a healthy environment for students to learn other social life skills that are not learnt in classrooms or close knit groups or private schools. Public schools offer an ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic environment that is a representative of the society that students will have to live in and experience. Thus, this setting is ideal for imparting and exposing students to their real world situation from a tender age where they are able to develop ‘people skills’. These ‘people skills’ are essential for someone to be able to effectively cope with the diversities present out there in the real world. Public schools generally have students with a range of abilities and disabilities. As with ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds, the diversity introduces students to the communication issues and interpersonal issues that rubbing elbows with people who

African American Krumpin Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African American Krumpin Culture - Essay Example ountry, and their interaction with their white counterparts that one gets to appreciates the political, economic, cultural, and social realities of minority groups. This is as well as the their contribution in redefining America as it is today. The Krumpin in North Hollywood provides the opportunity for examining this history from the perspective and voices of the people who lived through it. In this regard, one can learn to evaluate and contextualize the first-hand accounts from the past and their contribution to the present and the future. To a great extent, the Krumpin in North Hollywood facilitates the examination of how race in general and blackness in particular, were created, lived, and evolved over time. During the 818 session, it is plausible that the presence of the local security machineries reminds one of the status of the parking lot as a private space. Hence the prohibition of any form of intrusion into it (Frazier, Robeson, & Koslow 2). While circling the perimeter of the parking lot, the local police, and other paid security personnel frequently command the dancers to lower the volume of their music or leave the area. Failure to this, the dancers risk being imprisoned. This is a clear demonstration of the curtailing of freedoms as witnessed during the repressive periods of the 1950s and the 1960s where the minority groups had much of their freedom limited through the use of state agencies. In fact, the practice of young people forming a gathering in an empty, though private yard, and the police encroaching on their activities elicit the general culture of domination and regulation. This is especially of the marginalised groups in the U. S. To some extent, it is noteworthy th e state is adamant in curtailing the use of public space, not just by the young blacks, but also by the brown youths. It seems that many forces are at play here with corporate takeovers of public space. The expansion of outdoor performance spaces that serve mainly the interests

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Case Study Example A firm’s support and analysis of this scenario would reveal that, in the point at which there is a clear distinction between the ‘data’ and the ‘information’ expected from it, the outcome would be the realization of the fact that ‘data’ is nothing but a raw and unorganized collection of facts that need processing in order to make them meaningful and useful. This is a sense that was not being noted in FreshDirect prior to Braddock becoming the CEO; hence, the noted losses in sales, revenue as well as the decline in the customers’ base or numbers (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). Considering this, not unless well organized and put to proper usage, organizational data can be quite useless and meaningless. Therefore, the organization of data so as to produce adequate information would greatly enhance the business cycle and growth of the organization (Wisner, Tan & Leong, 2011). Further still, whereas when the collected data is adequately organized, processed, structured and presented in the required context; thus, making it useful and meaningful, it will be referred to as ‘information.’ In the case of FreshDirect, its business entails dealing with a huge number of customers in a single business day. As such, it would be required to ensure that it accurately takes all their order, delivery time and the locations of delivery. This amount of data is quite huge, and if not sorted out, the likely result would be a total mess and mix-up in orders, delivery and even a cause in delivery times since no proper information is generated to indicate the location of clients so that a truck only serves a region. The success of FreshDirect also required a huge number of human resources for it to run, and a huge amount of data for it to run. Thus, it would make no meaning if the collected data is not enhanced to produce the required information this a failure in the

The Influence And Leadership Management Essay

The Influence And Leadership Management Essay Just possessing an impressive title or position does not equate to someone being a leader. Leadership is influencing others to follow your vision. The quality of ones leadership is measured by their followers perception of the leaders effectiveness. This perception is driven by the different characteristics and skills that a given leader has as well as the style they use. Which traits they possess and their chosen approach will have a direct impact on the effectiveness of their leadership. This paper will explore the different aspects of a leaders personality and their position in an organization and how those factors impact the levels of influence gained. It is important to make an early distinction, Leaders and managers are not the same. Management focuses on systems and processes, organising and staffing. John Kotter in discussing what leaders really do describes the focus of leadership as motivating and inspiring keeping people moving in the right direction, despite obstacles to change, by appealing to basic but often untapped human needs, values, and emotions (Kotter, 1999, p. 54). There is overlap however, in that both managers and leaders must communicate the direction, but its a leader who will gain the commitment from followers to do what is needed to achieve the vision. Leadership can be referred to as the process of moving a group of people in a certain direction, and if it is to be sustainable it must be done through non-coercive means, thus by gaining influence from the group. Leaders need to create commitment from their followers through motivation and inspiring them to achieve collective goals. Different circumstances may require leaders to use different styles. They may even behave in a different manner depending on who they are interacting with. That being interaction between a leader and a follower may be different than that between a colleague or supervisor. This is referred to as situational leadership, where there isnt always a single approach that will satisfy all tasks, or influence all followers. According to Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, situational leaders should be able to place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the relationships with the people theyre leading, depending on whats needed to get the job done successfully (Blanchard Hersey, 2012). In a given situation a leader may be more commanding and tell the employee exactly what to do, and how to do it. This is often referred to as an authoritative style of leadership. In another situation the leader may try to sell their message to gain greater commitment while still giving direction and providing information. Sometimes a participative style is the best fit, where the leader focuses on the relationships in the group and is prepared to share the role of decision making. And finally, a situation may call for a leader to delegate responsibilities to their follower, and take the role of a manager and monitor progress. What style to use will depend on what Hersey and Blanchard refer to as the maturity of the individual or group. This would be the levels of knowledge, skills, and confidence that the followers have (Blanchard Hersey, 2012). If the wrong style is used a leader may be faced with failure as too much responsibility was given to an employee with too low maturity, or being too authoritative to a follower with high maturity can damage the relationship through a lack of trust. Matching the leadership style with the appropriate maturity level (situation) is key to success and can strengthen leader follower relationships that will sustain future success. A strengthened relationship between leaders and followers has proven to be indispensable for an organisations success, as Bass argued the importance of this by highlighting survey results where employees favourable attitudes toward their supervisors contributed to the employees satisfaction. In turn, employees favourable attitudes toward thei r supervisors were usually found to be related to the productivity of the work group (Bass, 1990). Stogdill (1974) argued that Leaders are born, that they posses inherent traits that make them suitable as a leader. This is referred to as trait theory. In Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature, he observed successful leaders and identified skills and traits that these leaders had. It was thought that if people were selected for leadership positions who also had a combination of these traits, than they too could be great leaders if given the chance. The table below contains Stogdills findings: Traits Skills Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled   Source: Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature (Stogdill, 1947) McCall and Lombardo (1983) looked to focus on why some leaders succeed and others fail. They compiled their own list of traits for successful leaders. They argued that a leader needed to be emotionally stable and show composure in difficult situations. The leader should be calm, confident and predictable when under stress. They also saw that successful leaders were able to admit their own errors. That being prepared to own up to mistakes made, rather than focusing energy into covering up their errors. Another key skill they observed was good interpersonal skills. Being able to communicate clearly and persuade others without resorting to negative or coercive tactics is key to successful leadership. And finally McCall and Lombardo see a great importance in a leader possessing intellectual breadth. They describe this as being able to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow area of expertise. (McCall Lombardo, 1983) This idea that leaders are born has been challenged. Skills and traits can develop over time through life experiences such as a dramatic event, family upbringing, positive role models, work experience, education and training. These experiences can shape and alter an individuals personality. Fiedler and Garcia argue that when there is high uncertainty, or little time to think, we generally fall back on what has worked in the past. Leaders with a large repertoire of previously successful behaviours are more likely to perform better than those who lack this fund of experience (Fiedler Garcia, 2005). This highlights both the importance of experience and decisiveness in being a leader. Most of the skills and traits observed by Stogdill can be developed and shaped through life experiences. However, some skills and traits are more likely to be seen in leaders who are born with a particular personality, such as an extraverted personality. Leadership is a relationship between a group of people and an individual. This relationship is based on both influence and power, but like any relationship, the personalities of its members will dominate its long term success. A leaders personality must fit both the group and the situation. However, as previously referenced there are personality traits that have been consistently observed in successful leaders. Having an extraverted personality is not necessarily a requirement of a leader, just as possessing an introverted personality is not a disqualification. However, extroverts are often associated with some of Stogdills traits. Extroverts are commonly perceived as those with high levels of energy, expressive, and seek close relationships, where as introverts are more low key and prefer solitude (Riggio, 2011). A certain personality may not guarantee one being a better leader, but what it can determine is what type of leader one may be. When we think of great leaders many of the examples would fall into the category of extroverts; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Steve Jobs, and Bill Clinton. But they also come in the form of introverts; Abraham Lincoln, Bill Gates, and Mahatma Gandhi. All these men were/are great leaders, the difference is in how they approached their position as leader, and thus the relationship in the group. In a recent study by Psychology Today, it was found that social skills may be a better indicator of potential leadership. In the report, Ronald E. Riggio discusses misinterpreting the potential social effectiveness of an extroverts social energy. Riggio argues that if the person lacks the social skills to direct that energy, then the person will not be socially effective. Conversely, socially skilled introverts should do well in social interaction, but in a more low-key manner (Riggio, 2011). Most leadership theories in business environments are based on a transactional relationship between the manager and employee, with the manager being the leader to the employees position as follower. The transaction occurs by the leader offering a reward for the employees performance, this being a wage or bonus. To increase motivation they may pay higher incentives or increase perks. Path goal theory is based on the idea that an employees perception of what is expected regarding their effort and performance is greatly affected by a leaders behaviour. A leader helps his followers (employees) attain rewards by clearly outlining paths to goals and removing obstacles that could negatively affect the followers performance. Leaders do this by providing support, information, and other resources which are required by employees to complete the task and reach their goal. Robert House developed path goal theory and identifies two major dimensions of leadership, those being initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure is the degree that a leader assigns tasks, specifies procedures, clarifies expectations, and schedules work to be done by their employees (House, 1971). As for consideration, House described this as the degree a leader provides a supportive environment through warmth, friendliness, helpfulness. Leaders do this by being approachable, considerate to the followers personal welfare, and when change is on the horizon, giving advanced notice (House, 1971). House argued that Leaders who initiate structure for subordinates are generally rated highly by superiors and have higher producing work groups than leaders who are low on initiating structure; and that leaders who are considerate of subordinates have more satisfied employees (House, 1971). In this theory leaders are seen more as coaches who want to help their employees succeed. In the text Management: ideas and actions, in contrast to transactional, Duncan offers a definition of transformational leadership as a process whereby individuals create a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality of both the leader and the follower with the primary goal to assist followers in attaining their maximum potential (Duncan, 1999). At the heart of transformational leadership is charisma. Sociologist Max Weber (1968) introduced the term charisma in the nineteenth century and described charismatic leadership as a non-rational form of authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined by a specifically supernatural trait that emerges in natural leaders during times of distress (Weber, 1968). But charisma is almost more in the hands of the followers in that they must buy in to the leaders personality, or vision. It is the followers perception that ultimately decides whether the leader is charismatic. Rukmani argues that transformational leadership is composed of idealized influence and inspirational motivation, which serving as a charismatic role model and articulating a vision of the future that can be shared (Rukmani, et al., 2010). Each style has its place in organisations and at times a leader must be able to be both transformational and transactional at different times. During times of change in organisations, transformational leaders are required to inspire the masses to share their vision. Kotter argues that motivation will be more sustainable when people are energized not by pushing them in the right direction as control mechanisms do but by satisfying basic human needs for achievement, a sense of belonging, recognition, self-esteem, a feeling of control over ones life, and the ability to live up to ones ideals (Kotter, 1999). For that reason, once systems are in place a transactional style is more appropriate to manage the work that now must be completed by those who have the knowledge and skills to do it. Leadership is the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks. Graen and Ulh-Bien (1995) propose three approaches to leadership, which a leader can adopt for effectively leading his or her employees. These include leader-based, relationship-based, and follower-based approaches. The approaches can be used in combinations at the same time with different followers. Effective leadership requires flexibility to employ these approaches in an honest and open manner. The leader-based approach is concerned with establishing and communicating a vision for the company, inspiring the employees commitment and enhancing group cohesion. By doing so, the leader and the followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation. Entrepreneurs who are gifted leaders are extraordinarily good at turning their visions into concrete results. A drawback of this approach is that when people are highly dependent on the leader, they may follow an inappropriate vision without question. The leader-based approach works best when there is a need for fundamental change requiring uniform direction by a charismatic leader and limited diversity among followers. The relationship-based approach is based on developing mutual trust, respect, and obligation between leader and follower, which generates influence between the parties. It emphasises building strong relationships with followers and on mutual learning and accommodation. It works best when there are different types of people with different kinds of needs who have to be managed. Relationship-based leadership can be seen as a sort of partnership between leader and follower. But, it is often time-consuming and relies on long-term relationships between particular leaders and followers. With the follower-based approach, leadership involves empowerment, coaching, facilitating, and giving up control. Accordingly, it requires the ability and motivation of the leaders followers to manage their own performance. Often, this approach makes the most of the followers capabilities, enabling leaders to focus on other responsibilities. The follower-based approach is most effective for performing unstructured tasks, in cases of weak position power of the leader, or non-acceptance of the leader. In a business environment, the leader of the organisation may also be the founder of the company. In this case they are an entrepreneur and a leader. This situation demands that the leader takes on different roles in a new organisation. It often happens that the founder entrepreneur is unable to adapt to the needs of the growing organisation. If the entrepreneur is unable to learn a new set of skills or to relinquish authority, the ventures performance can suffer. Many entrepreneurs cannot or will not break old habits in order to learn the roles they have to play in order to develop the venture, causing the company to lose control and turn profits into losses. The main problem seems to be that all too frequently the founder is reluctant to lose control of the business, wanting to do everything him or herself rather than manage others, so the growth potential of the business is strictly limited by his or her personal energy and capacity. Chandler and Jansen (1992) suggest that there a re three distinct leadership roles that an entrepreneur has to develop adequately. Or, which members of the entrepreneurs management team have to develop. The entrepreneurial role requires the ability to recognise and envision taking advantage of opportunity. This ability has been referred as the core of entrepreneurship and may be contingent on the entrepreneurs familiarity with the market. It can also be described as the drive to see firm creation through to fruition, which requires the willingness and capacity to offer intense and sustained effort. A second role the entrepreneur must fill is the managerial role. This requires the ability to develop programs, budgets, procedures, evaluate performance, and perform other tasks essential to implementing strategy. Individuals with strong managerial skills enjoy high levels of responsibility and authority; they seek positions involving delegation and motivation. The effective manager must be competent in three areas: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Conceptual competence: The mental ability to co-ordinate all of the organisations interests and activities, for instance, effective management of the ventures cash flow. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human competence: The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups. The manager must be able to clearly communicate the goals to be achieved and motivate others to behave in a synergistic manner. For instance, this requires the ability to delegate, manage customer and employee relationships, and exercise interpersonal skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Political competence: The ability to enhance ones position, builds a power base, and establishes the right connections. This may be particularly important in start-up firms, because the founder must enlist the support of network members. Establishing connections with people who control important resources and possess important skills and abilities is important to the performance of the new venture. Finally there is the technical-function role. To function effectively in the technical-functional role, the entrepreneur/leader must have the ability to use the tools, procedures and techniques of a specialised field. The specific skills required are determined by the industry within which the venture operates. Consider for instance a restaurant spinoff with a strong technical entrepreneur who only has bartending experience. If such an entrepreneur is unable to develop his or her entrepreneurial and managerial role, and if there is no one else in his or her team to fulfil this, the restaurant spinoff is likely to fail. Generally, the entrepreneurial and the technical roles are of the greatest importance at the start of the business. However, in order to grow, the managerial role is of eminent importance as well. If these roles are lacking yet the venture is determined to grow, a strong manager is needed who has the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfil these roles. But this is easier said than done. Most founders hate to step aside even though they are temperamentally unsuited to be managers. Clarysse and Moray (2004) suggest that investors have to be careful when they want to remove the founder-entrepreneur. This is because the initial team often only accepts a newcomer as a CEO once they have been convinced of the shortcomings of their friend as a boss. Business Leaders today face multiple challenges of recruiting and retaining competent employees. In order to succeed both in reaching a common goal and creating commitment amongst their followers, a leader ability to inspire and motivate is crucial. Whether it comes naturally or developed over time, there are skills and traits that an effective leader must have in order to inspire their followers. They will need to be flexible, both for different task requirements and for the differing personalities and skills of their employees. If a leader cant influence their employees then they will have no followers; so then if the leader has no followers than they really arent a leader at all. Without influence there is no leadership.

Stress and Performance Essay -- Health Stress Management

Stress and Performance Too much stress can contribute to health problems. Stress can also reduce your ability to perform at the highest levels. The negative effects of stress can impact profitability and quality of life. The Physical response: The Stress Response will: Increase heart rate, speed breathing or you might hold your breath, tightens muscle to prepare to fight or to flee, directs blood to brain and major muscles (away from digestion, hands/feet, Reproductive organs), releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, slows or stops digestion, causes the brain to be more reactive/less thoughtful, increases perspiration, reduces immune system response. Any of these systems can become your habitual way to respond to stressful situations. Symptoms of Stress can include: Tension headaches, neck/back/shoulder pain, tight jaw, TMJ problems, sleeping problems, fatigue, loss of concentration, learning problems can increase, irregular or rapid heart rate, migraine headaches, poor circulation, Raynaud Syndrome, high blood pressure, sexual dysfunction (in men and women), digestive problems, upset stomach, ulcers, colitis, hormone imbalances, reduction of immune system function, over reaction by immune system (allergies or autoimmune diseases worse), increased asthma activity, increased aging rate, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, poor habit control, over-eating, low energy, prone to accidents or mistakes, can impair communication, poor performance, etc. It is not so much the amount of stress, but how you respond to it. Some people thrive on stress and may be addicted to the adrenaline rush that accompanies high stress or dangerous activities. Most people develop a "habit pattern" from an early age as ... ...s program is supported by "top-down" leadership involvement. (The process will work without full leadership support, but it takes longer and may reach its full potential.) Leaders who are familiar with the beneficial results of Executive Coaching are often open to the successful uses of these techniques (combined with stress management consulting) and can see the achievements of their business goals. The process can work with individuals, teams, departments, or company wide. It is recommended that you test the process by working with a sampling from the departments from the company. The process may require time for assessments and benchmarking, and then implementation. Obviously, some departments such as sales, can show improvement in solid dollar figures. Results from other departments may require different metrics to define and then demonstrate positive change.

Judicial Activism in the Arena of Environmental Law of Bangladesh

AN ASSIGNMENT ON â€Å"JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN THE ARENA OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF BANGLADESH† Content†¦ TopicPage no. 1. Prologue 1 2. Judicial Activism 3 3. Judicial Restraint 8 4. Difference between Judicial Activism & Judicial Restraint 9 5. General Development and Environment Context of Bangladesh12 6. Major Environmental Issues Facing Bangladesh 14 7. Environmental Law in the Legal Regime of Bangladesh 15 8. Development of Judicial Activism in the Environmental Regime & the ECA 16 9. Administration of Environmental Justice: The Court Cases23 10. Environmental Nuisance should be Mitigated 24 1. Right to Environment 24 12. Access to Justice: Opening up the Horizon of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) 25 13. Right to Participation 25 14. Suo motu Rule against Grabbing Land of Public Garden 26 15. Protecting River from Encroachment 26 16. Checking Industrial Pollution 27 17. Vehicular Pollution to be Reduced 28 18. Judicial Decisions in the Issue of Environment of Bangladesh 29 19. Epilogue 91 Prologue:The issue of environment pollution has become a burning one with the increase of global warming throughout the whole world especially in Bangladesh. The Supreme Courts of different countries are coming forward to meet this issue at the frequent insistence of the environmentalist organizations which are very watchful upon environmental disaster. Though natural calamities cannot be resisted, man-made disasters can be checked to judicial activism i. e. judicial enforcement. With the growing rate of environmental pollution in Bangladesh, judicial activism in the arena of environmental law has been getting stronger here.Before the introduction of the Public Interest Litigation (PIL), there didn’t have any direct access to the court for enforcing environmental issues, but after the introduction of the PIL, environmental issues can directly be settled by the courts. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janei ro from 3 to 14 June 1992 recognized the entitlement of human beings to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature[1]. The threshold of the Rio Declaration was the recognition of right to evelopment[2] and more importantly sustainable development. With the adoption of Rio, the global community committed to integrate environmental issues into mainstream economic and social policy[3] and reduce and eliminate unsustainable patters of production and consumption[4]. Commitments recorded in the Rio declaration call for legal and judicial activism. When commitment for sustainable development suffers judicial review can be sought on the basis of the Rio principles of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’[5], ‘polluters pay’[6], ‘precautionary approach’[7] and ‘EIA’[8].While the Rio declaration in Principle 11 requires the states to enact effective environmental legislation and standards, access to judicial and administrati ve review process becomes relevant[9] to uphold people’s rights that such laws would endure. Right to participation and access to environmental decision making process[10] need express legal recognition that the judiciary can safeguard in appropriate instance. The post-Rio developments in the legal and judicial area of Bangladesh have showed respect to the Rio commitments and also the framework of Agenda-21 that requires protection of fragile eco-system and resources.This paper would highlight on the legal and judicial activism in Bangladesh that have contributed in promoting sustainable development and environmental management as pledged by the global community in various international conventions, treaties and protocols. Judicial Activism: Judicial activism is a political term used to describe judicial rulings that are suspected to be based upon personal and political considerations other than existing law. Judicial restraint is sometimes used as an antonym of judicial acti vism.The term may have more specific meaning in certain political contexts. Concerns of judicial activism are closely tied to constitutional interpretation, statutory construction, and separation of powers. Definition Judicial activism refers to â€Å"a philosophy of judicial decision-making whereby judges allow their personal views about public policy among other factors, to guide their decisions, usually with the suggestion that adherents of this philosophy tend to find constitutional violations and are willing to ignore precedent. †[11] If to resolve the dispute, the Court must create a new rule or modify an old one that is law creation. Judges defending themselves acquisitions of judicial activism sometimes say they don’t make law, they only apply it. It is true that in our system, judges are not supposed to and generally don’t make new law with the same freedom that legislatures can and do; they are, in Oliver Wendell Holmes’s phrase, ‘confined from molar to molecular motions. ’ The qualification is important, but the fact remains that judges make, and do not just find and apply law. †[12] Judicial activism† is frequently used in political debate without a clear definition, which has created some confusion over its precise meaning. Bradley Canon posited six dimensions along which judge courts may be perceived as activist are:[13] †¢ Majoritarianism— This dimension takes into account the degree to which policies adopted through the democratic process are judicially overturned. †¢ Interpretive stability— This dimension takes into account the degree to which court decisions alter earlier decisions, doctrines, or constitutional interpretations. Interpretive fidelity— This dimension takes into account the degree to which constitutional provisions are interpreted contrary to the clear intentions of their drafters, or the clear implications of the language used in the provision. †¢ Substance/democratic process— This dimension takes into account the degree to which judicial decisions make substantive policy, as opposed to acting to preserve the democratic political process. †¢ Specificity of policy— This dimension takes into account the degree to which a judicial decision establishes policy itself, as opposed to leaving discretion to other agencies. Availability of an alternate policymaker— This dimension takes into account the degree to which a judicial decision supersedes or inhibits serious consideration of the same problem by other government agencies. Origins Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term â€Å"judicial activism† to the public in a January 1947 Fortune magazine article titled â€Å"The Supreme Court: 1947. â€Å"[14] According to Keenan Kmiec, in a 2004 article in California Law Review: Schlesinger's article profiled all nine Supreme Court justices on the Court at that time and explained the alliances and divisions among them. The article characterized Justices Black, Douglas, Murphy, and Rutledge as the â€Å"Judicial Activists† and Justices Frankfurter, Jackson, and Burton as the â€Å"Champions of Self Restraint. † Justice Reed and Chief Justice Vinson comprised a middle group. †[15] Debate Detractors of judicial activism charge that it usurps the power of the elected branches of government or appointed agencies, damaging the rule of law and democracy. 16] They argue that an unelected or elected judicial branch has no legitimate grounds to overrule policy choices of duly elected or appointed representatives, in the absence of a real conflict with the constitution. [citation needed] In some instances, government regulation by appointed officers in government agencies are overturned by elected judges. Defenders of judicial prerogatives say that many cases of so called â€Å"judicial activism† merely exemplify judicial review, and that courts must upho ld existing laws and strike down any statute that violates a superseding law.For example, ruling a statute is unconstitutional because it conflicts with the Constitution of a jurisdiction. However, detractors of judicial activism retort that neither democracy nor the rule of law can exist when the law is merely what judges presently say it should be. Defenders counterclaim that indeed this is precisely what the role of the judiciary is, namely to interpret the law. Detractors argue that the discretion of judges must be limited e. g. by the intentions of lawmakers and appointed or elected government officers, or else any group of people ngaged in any behavior could become a judicially protected minority, and any law could be subverted by the predilections of elected or appointed judges. Some proponents of a stronger judiciary argue that the judiciary helps provide checks and balances and should grant itself an expanded role to counterbalance the effects of transient majoritarianism, i. e. there should be an increase in the powers of a branch of government which is not directly subject to the electorate, so that the majority cannot dominate or oppress any particular minority through its elective powers. 17] Moreover, they argue that the judiciary strikes down both elected and unelected official action, that in some instances acts of legislative bodies reflect the view the transient majority may have had at the moment of passage and not necessarily the view the same legislative body may have at the time the legislation is struck down, that the judges that are appointed are usually appointed by previously elected executive officials so that their philosophy should reflect that of those who nominated them, that an independent judiciary is a great asset to civil society since corporations and the wealthy are unable to dictate their version of constitutional interpretation with threat of stopping political donations. Examples The following have been cited as examples of judicial activism: †¢ Mercein v. People – 1840 Connecticut transfers absolute sovereignty over children from parents to the State †¢ Dred Scott v.Sandford – 1857 Supreme court ruling that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants—whether or not they were slaves—were not protected by the Constitution and could never be citizens of the United States †¢ Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 Supreme Court ruling declaring racial segregation as constitutional †¢ Brown v. Board of Education – 1954 Supreme Court ruling ordering the desegregation of public schools †¢ Griswold v. Connecticut – 1965 Supreme Court ruling striking down a Connecticut ban on contraception for unmarried individuals †¢ Loving v. Virginia – 1967 Supreme Court ruling striking down Virginia's ban on interracial marriage †¢ Roe v. Wade – 1973 Supreme Court ruling stablishing a constitutional right to abortion †¢ Bowers v. Hardwick – 1986 Supreme Court ruling upholding the constitutionality of Georgia's sodomy law. †¢ Bush v. Gore – 2000 Supreme Court ruling that resolved the 2000 presidential election in favor of George W. Bush. †¢ Lawrence v. Texas – 2003 Supreme Court ruling striking down Texas's criminalization of sodomy †¢ In re Marriage Cases – 2008 California Supreme Court ruling establishing a constitutional right to gay marriage †¢ Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission – 2010 Supreme Court decision overturning Congressionally enacted limitations on corporate political spending[18]Judicial Restraint: Judicial restraint is a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional. [19] It is sometimes regarded as the opposite of judicial activism. In deciding questions of constitutional law, judicially-restrained jurists go to great lengths to defer to the legislature. Judicial restraint requires the judge to uphold a law whenever possible. Former Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, a Democrat appointed by Franklin Roosevelt, is generally seen as the â€Å"model of judicial restraint. â€Å"[20]Judicially-restrained judges respect stare decisis, the principle of upholding established precedent handed down by past judges. When the late Chief Justice Rehnquist overturned some of the precedents of the Warren Court, Time Magazine said he was not following the theory of judicial restraint. Difference between Judicial Activism & Judicial Restraint: Judicial activism and judicial restraint are two opposing philosophies when it comes to the Supreme Court justices' interpretations of the United States Constitution; justices appointed by the President to the Supreme Court serve for life, and thus whose decisio ns shape the lives of â€Å"We the people† for a long time to come.Judicial activism is the view that the Supreme Court and other judges can and should creatively (re)interprets the texts of the Constitution and the laws in order to serve the judges' own visions regarding the needs of contemporary society. Judicial activism believes that judges assume a role as independent policy makers or independent â€Å"trustees† on behalf of society that goes beyond their traditional role as interpreters of the Constitution and laws. The concept of judicial activism is the polar opposite of judicial restraint. Judicial restraint refers to the doctrine that judges' own philosophies or policy preferences should not be injected into the law and should whenever reasonably possible construe the law so as to avoid second guessing the policy decisions made by other governmental institutions such as Congress, the President and state legislatures.This view is based on the concept that judg es have no popular mandate to act as policy makers and should defer to the decisions of the elected â€Å"political† branches of the Federal government and of the states in matters of policy making so long as these policymakers stay within the limits of their powers as defined by the US Constitution and the constitutions of the several states. Marbury v. Madison, one of the first US Supreme Court cases asserting the power of judicial review, is an effective argument for this power; however, it lacks direct textual basis for the decision. John Marshall managed to get away with this deficiency because of the silence on many issues and the vague wording of the Constitution.Marshall was also the first to interpret the Constitution loosely, also known as judicial activism. During his term as Supreme Court Chief Justice, Marshall was also successful in loose constructionism through other landmark Supreme Court cases such as Gibbons v. Ogden (â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation† of commerce), and McCulloch v. Maryland (whose decision stated that the states cannot tax a federal bank). These landmark decisions were the basis and the precedent for future Supreme Court cases, and had also provided a means through which the Supreme Court can question the law and even possibly change different facets of life affecting the present and future of â€Å"We the people. â€Å"Liberals and Democrats tend to favor judicial activism as it opens new doors to interpretation and experimentation. However, those that favor judicial restraint on the other hand, and thus favor the status quo and the strict construction of the Constitution are conservatives and Republicans. Two landmark Supreme Court decisions that strictly interpreted the Constitution for its literal meaning were Dred Scott v. Sanford and Plessy v. Ferguson. In the Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans did not have the right to sue for their freedom, since they were seen strictly by t he law as property and not even citizens of the United States. As well, in Plessy v.Ferguson the Court ruled that segregation of public schools was not unconstitutional, even though African Americans were still seen as equal citizens due to the 14th Amendment to the Constitution (â€Å"separate but equal†). However, this particular case was then overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas in 1954. The Brown decision, unlike that of Plessy v. Fergusion and Dred Scott v. Sanford expressed judicial activism and ruled racial segregation unconstitutional. Many will protest that the people do not elect the Supreme Court Justices and therefore the Supreme Court should not have the power of judicial activism and change the law of the land.However, as one critic points out, â€Å"No institution in a democratic society could become and remain potent unless it could count on a solid block of public opinion that would rally to it's side in a pinch. † However, anticip ating the nominees to the Supreme Court most likely to be forwarded to the US Senate for confirmation by President George Walker Bush, since Bush is a conservative, he is most likely to favor the philosophy of judicial restraint. Clearly, the Supreme Court is ultimately responsible to the will of the people, and the future ramifications of said choices may indeed lean toward judicial restraint more often than judicial activism, thus favoring the status quo and earlier precedents set by previous Supreme Court decisions.By maintaining independence from politics, the Justices avoid the major problems of political parties and party platforms. Furthermore, the Supreme Court's small size allows the Constitution to speak with a unified voice throughout the country. General Development and Environment Context of Bangladesh: Bangladesh with a total area of 147570 sq. km is home to some 140 million people of which 49 percent are women. The country’s network of 230 rivers runs across 24 140 km[21]. Forests comprise 14 percent of the total land area. Eighty percent of the population is rural. One half of the population lives in poverty and one third in extreme poverty.A further 20 percent of the population are tomorrow’s poor; those who will join the ranks of the poor given the current trends of development and ecological degradation. The agrarian economy of Bangladesh accounts for one-third of the GDP and employs two-thirds of the labour force[22]. The fisheries sector employs about 1. 2 million people[23] while the employment in the forests sector is about 2 percent of the total labour force[24]. Fish still remains the major source of proteins for 60 percent Bangladeshis. Life and livelihoods in Bangladesh, especially for the poor, depends deeply on nature. Any undue interference with water, land, forest, fishery and other environmental resources would inevitably impact the lives of the people of whom 47. percent are income poor and 76. 9 percent capability poor[25]. The relationship of the people of Bangladesh with nature cannot be overemphasized and can be stated from the words of the Secretary General of the UN Mr. Kofi Anan. â€Å"The great majority of Bangladeshis live in rural areas, on the frontlines of resources management, natural disaster and environmental awareness. For them the relationship between human beings and the natural world is a daily reality, not an abstract idea. Our biggest challenge in this new century is to take an idea that seems abstract sustainable development and turn it into a daily reality for the entire world’s people. â€Å"[26]Over time, the gradual degradation of resources particularly land, contamination of water, loss of fisheries, traditional species and depletion of forests became visible in Bangladesh with adverse impact on life and livelihood. In the last decade or so, environmentalists in Bangladesh, the state organs and the citizens groups have rightly identified the depletion of en vironmental resources as a major cause of poverty in the country. There are certain environmental concerns and factors that are the result of activities originating beyond the frontiers of Bangladesh. These include legal questions relating to the use of natural resources like the waters of shared rivers, environmental hazards like the frequent floods, droughts and salinity, global warming, climate change and so on.The efficacy of the environmental legal system in certain areas is dependent on attitudes of neighboring countries and so cannot be redressed unilaterally. The Constitution of Bangladesh affirms commitments to international laws and principles, and Bangladesh is a signatory to most major international conventions, treaties, and protocols on environment. Major Environmental Issues Facing Bangladesh:[27] A. Regional/Global: †¢ Ecological changes due to share water disputes †¢ Maritime boundary dispute and a weaker regime on marine resources †¢ Greenhouse effec t and its consequence on Bangladesh, global warming and climate change †¢ Refugees and migration †¢ Ecological effect caused by trans-boundary acts International trade and environmental regimes such as Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization (WTO), Climate Change Protocols, Convention on Biological Diversity and so on. B. National: †¢ Population and poverty †¢ Degradation of resources (inadequate policies) †¢ Conflict of development with environment; illiteracy vs. ignorance †¢ Pollution of water, air and soil †¢ Destruction of mangrove, tree cover and firewood †¢ Loss of fisheries †¢ Unplanned human settlement †¢ Unplanned urbanization and industrialization †¢ Loss of wildlife †¢ Natural hazards (also to include river erosion) †¢ Contamination of ground water Environmental Law in the Legal Regime of Bangladesh: Sources of Environmental Laws:The main sources of environmental law are the Constitution, statutory laws and by-laws, customs, traditional perceptions and practices, international conventions, treaties and protocols. An investigation into the statutory laws prevailing in Bangladesh would reveal that there are about 187 laws that deal with or have relevance to environment. The compartmentalized administration of the statutory enactment would place the laws on environment under several heads. These would include, land use and administration, water resources, fisheries, forestry, energy and mineral resources, pollution and conservation, wildlife and domestic animals, displacement, vulnerable groups, relief and rehabilitation, local government, rural and urban planning and protection.The laws on physical environment do address issues like occupational rights and safety, public safety and dangerous substances, transportation and safety, cultural and natural heritage and so on. The environmental legislation are s ectorally compartmentalized especially the substantive and administrative rules. The procedural rules for the Courts to administer these laws would be derived mostly from the same general codes, e. g. , the Civil Procedure Code, 1908, the Criminal Procedure Code, 1989 and the Evidence Act, 1872. Development of Judicial Activism in the Environmental Regime & the ECA: The law that deals specifically with environment is the Environment Conservation Act (ECA), 1995[28].The Act has come into force since the June 1995 and to some extent has recognized the Rio principles of precaution, polluters’ pay and people’s participation. The ECA has replaced the earlier Environment Pollution Control Ordinance, 1977 and has added new dimension to environment management by making a shift from ‘pollution control’ to ‘environment conservation’. The recent amendment of the Act in 2002 has given the provisions of the law overriding effect over all other laws[29]. Ac cording to section 2(d) of the ECA environment shall include water, air, land and physical properties. The inter relationship among and between these components of environment and human and other living beings, plants and micro-organisms are also included in the broader definition of environment.The ECA has established the Department of Environment (DoE) and has authorized its Director General (DG) to take all such steps as are necessary for the conservation of environment, improvement of environmental standard and control and mitigation of pollution[30]. In line with Section 11 of the Agenda 21 that calls for conservation and management of resources for development, the ECA in Section 5 has authorized the government to declare areas of great ecological importance as Ecologically Critical Area. Such legal authority would allow the government to declare fragile eco systems as critical or protected areas and bring them under special management system. Section 5 of the ECA reads as fol lows: Declaration of Ecologically Critical Area – (1) If the Government is satisfied that due to degradation of environment the eco-system of any area has reached or is threatened to reach a critical state, the Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, declare such area as ecologically critical area. The Government shall specify, in the notification provided in subsection (1) or in any other separate notification, which of the operations or processes shall be carried out or shall not be initiated in the ecologically critical area. † Under Section 5, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has already declared 8 areas including one mother fishery (wetland), fragile coral island, part of world’s largest mangrove forest as ecologically critical areas[31] and has brought them under special protective measures.Such initiative of the Government of Bangladesh strongly supports its commitment expressed under the various CTPs including the Convention in Biological Diversity, 1992 and the Convention on Wetlands of International importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971. Most recently, the cabinet on 22 July 2002 has approved the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation, 1990 paving the way to protect its territorial water from oil pollution. Section 2(1) of the Act defines ‘wastes’ and authorizes the Government to determine the standard for discharge and emission of waste including radioactive wastes [Section 20(2)(e)]. Hazardous substance has also been defined [Section 2(i)] and the Government has been authorized to lay down rules for environmentally sound management of hazardous substances and toxic wastes.Although the Government is yet to exercise its rule making powers, these legal developments correspond to the accepted framework of Agenda 21 calling for environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and substances. At the national frontier, the Government in exercise of its powers under the Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971[32] has banned the import of ten pesticides for their hazardous impact on vegetation human and animal life[33]. Worth mentioning, Bangladesh has ratified the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989. The country has also signed the recently adopted Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant, 2001 on 23 May 2001. Section 12 of the ECA incorporates the precautionary principle by requiring ndustrial unit or projects to be established after obtaining environmental clearance from the DoE. Any violating unit may be shut down by the DG, DoE. The amended ECA[34] empowers the government to ban products that are harmful to environment and the government, with active participation from the people, has been very successful in banning the production, use and sale of polythene products below 20 macron. The most significant advancements after the enactm ent of the ECA have been the setting up of quality standard for air, water, noise and soil and the formulation of environmental guidelines to control and mitigate pollution. The setting up of such standards has been done through the Environment Conservation Rules framed in 1997.The Rules have detailed out the development where environmental impact assessment (EIA) would be necessary. This has made EIA mandatory for specified projects and industries although procedural details of EIA are yet to follow. The Government may think of making the EIA process participatory ensuring access in decision-making process. The ECA has made it an offence to discharge excessive pollutants and causing damage, direct or indirect, to eco-systems. Sections 7 and 9 of the ECA have in effect incorporated the principle of ‘polluters pay’. Under Section 7 the DG shall require any person including companies responsible for pollution to adopt corrective measures and also to pay good the losses ca used by such pollution.In the event of failure by the polluter to prevent emission of excessive discharge the DG shall initiate the needed remedial measures and the expenses incurred shall be recovered from the polluter as public demand[35]. The ECA tends to ensure access to administrative proceedings and also to participation in the decision making process. Section 8 of the ECA allows a person affected or likely to be affected from the pollution or degradation of environment to apply to the DG for remedying the damage or apprehended damage. The DG may adopt any measures including public hearing for setting such grievance. Under the original Act, cognizance of offence by the courts required a written report from the DG. The requirement of report from DG, DoE would have adverse affect on right to justice. Fortunately, the original Act has been amended in a positive fashion.The requirement of written report although still valid, may be relaxed at the discretion of the judiciary if the re appears to be a prima facie case and also failure on part of DoE to take proper initiative. Amended Section 4A of the ECA has required all statutory agencies to render assistance and services to the DG on his request. Violation of the provisions of the Act has been made an offence and may be visited with a penalty of Taka 10 lakh and/or 10 years of imprisonment[36]. The Act has recently been amended to provide for different punishment for violation of different provisions. For proper implementation of the ECA, it has been proposed to set up environmental courts in the six administrative divisions of the country[37].The proposed courts would administer the environmental offences under the ECA and also other laws as may be notified by the Government in official Gazette. This revolutionary step aims at ensuring speedy trial and disposal of environmental cases. The Act provides in details the investigation and trial procedure for the Courts comprising of members of the subordinate ju diciary. Section 9 of the Act empowers the Environmental Courts to use the fine realized as compensation for the people affected by the environmental offence. The judges for two environmental courts have already been appointed and it is expected that the judicial system will start functioning soon. An amendment to the Forest Act, 1927 in 2000[38] has provided scope for public participation in environmental resource management.The newly added section 28A has given express legal recognition to the concept of social forestry and has empowered the government to make rules requiring an ‘agreed upon management plan’ for social forestry programmes. The rules are in the process of finalization. Another significant piece of law enacted in 2000 is the Open Space Protection Act, 2000[39]. With proper implementation of the law, the respective authorities can protect the natural water bodies including the flood plains of the urban areas from filing up for the sake of urbanization an d development. In addition, legal regime on environment contains provisions recognizing customary rights over forest[40], access to open water fisheries[41] and participation in the development process while finalizing water related schemes[42] and master plan for urban areas[43].Legal regime provides punishment against pollution of territorial waters[44] and prohibits pollution of air, water and soil from agricultural, fishery, industry, vehicle and other sources[45]. Environmental resources like forest and fishery have been given special status for protection purposes. Administration of Environmental Justice: The Court Cases: On the fact of activism by the civil society, the judiciary in Bangladesh has started responding to cases seeking environmental justice. Judicial activism contributes to proper implementation of environmental laws and allows the vast majority of the backward section access to the justice system.As a result of progressive interpretation by the judiciary of som e constitutional and legal provisions, ‘public interest litigation’ (PIL) and ‘right to environment’ have received express legal recognition. The cases decided by the judiciary have tended to activate the executive, create wider awareness and affected the value system of the administration and the society. In the cases on environment decided so far by the judiciary, directions have been given to the government agencies to perform their statutory functions. All these decided cases have addressed issues on sustainable development, precautionary principle, participation and access and are rather landmark decisions. With increased number of PILs in Bangladesh, it can now be said that the environmentalists and the civil society places confidence in the judiciary n redressing the grievance of the downtrodden and the deprived. In deciding some of the cases the judiciary has endorsed the innovations that justice require in one recent incident, the High Court even i ntervened and issued suo moto rule to protect a public garden from encroachment. Environmental Nuisance should be Mitigated: Judicial recognition for protection of environment was first recorded by the High Court[46] in a case that challenged nuisance during election campaign. The judiciary disposed of the case on assurance from the Attorney General to take measures against defacing of public and private property in the name of election campaign. Right to Environment:The judiciary, while deciding on a case involving importation of radiated milk[47] attached broader meaning to the constitutional ‘right to life’ and held â€Å"Right to life is not only limited to the protection of life and limbs but extends to the protection of health and strength of the workers, their means of livelihood, enjoyment of pollution-free water and air, bare necessaries of life, facilities for education, development of children, maternity benefit, free movement, maintenance and improvement of public health by creating and sustaining conditions congenial to good health and ensuring quality of life consistent with human dignity. † Access to Justice: Opening up the Horizon of Public Interest Litigation (PIL): In an appeal from the judgment of the High Court Division dismissing a writ by a local environmentalist group on ground of locus standi, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in its historic judgment dated 25 July 1996 granted standing to the ground[48].In allowing the appeal, the judiciary interpreted the constitutional requirement of â€Å"aggrieved† in ways beyond the strict traditional concept. The appeal being allowed is a landmark decision in addressing the constitutional knot and riddle that have been prevailing on the threshold question as to who is an â€Å"aggrieved person† for last twenty four years history of our Constitution. The decision opened up the horizon of PIL in Bangladesh and since then the judiciary has en tertained a good number of cases on environmental grievances. Right to Participation: On application from a local environmental group, the High Court Division (HCD) of the Supreme Court also intervened to judge on the legality of a development project called the Flood Action-Plan-20[49].The petitioner accused the authorities of violating a number of laws that ensure people’s participation in the decision making process, provide for compensating affected people for all sorts of loss and protecting the national heritage. The Court delivered judgment on 28 August 1997 and observed, â€Å"†¦ in implementing the project the respondents (government) cannot with impunity violate the provisions of law†. The Court directed the authorities to execute the work in compliance with the requirements of law that guarantee right to participation and compensations. Suo motu Rule against Grabbing Land of Public Garden: The Court has been active in protecting the environment in speci fic class action, and it has also given rules, suo motu, questioning blatant violations of the state’s obligations to protect and preserve the environment.In one such case, the High Court Division (HCD) issued a suo moto rule when, in violation of an earlier order of the Court to maintain status quo, gunned hoodlums attempted to encroach upon 2. 8 acres land of the only public garden of old Dhaka for construction of hotel therein. Protecting River from Encroachment: On application from an environmentalist group[50] seeking judicial intervention to protect the only river flowing through Dhaka from illegal encroachment, the HCD directed the concerned statutory authorities to submit before the Court an action plan setting out definite time frame and measures to be undertaken for removing the encroachers. Following the petition, the government acted to remove the encroachers and the river now stands free from illegal occupation.Taking from the learning of this case, the governmen t has constituted an inter-ministerial committee to remove illegal occupation from the other rivers of the country. Checking Industrial Pollution: In a recent decision, the HCD gave directions to check indiscriminate pollution of air, water, soil and the environment by 903 industries belonging[51]. These industries were identified polluters by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives (LGRDC). The 14 sectors include Tanneries, Paper and Pulp, Sugar Mills, Distilleries, Iron and Steel, Fertilizer, Insecticide and Pesticide Industries, Chemical Industries, Cement, Pharmaceuticals, Textile, Rubber and Plastic, Tyre and Tube and Jute.An official notification of the government directed the Department of Environment (DoE), the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Ministry of Industries to ensure within three years that appropriate pollution control measures were undertaken by the identified polluting industries. The Notification also required the said authorities to ensure that no new industry could be set up within pollution fighting devices. When no measure was taken even after the lapse of eight years, the above petition was filed. After a lengthy hearing, the Court directed implementation of the directions given in the notification. To ensure implementation of the Court order, it was required from the respondents to report to the Court after six months by furnishing concerned affidavit showing compliance. The Court held it mperative on the part of the DG, DoE to take penal action against such department or persons responsible for not implementing the ECA, 1995. Vehicular Pollution to be Reduced: The HCD, in a recent decision, gave a comprehensive judgment[52] to fight vehicular pollution at different from. The six directives of the Court required the authorities to – †¢ Phase out all two-stroke vehicles from city streets of the Capital by December 2002 †¢ Convert all petrol and diesel-fuelled government vehicles into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered within six months †¢ Enforce the prohibition on use of pneumatic horns within 30 days †¢ Check fitness of vehicles using computerized system with immediate effect Follow international standard of fuel by reducing or eliminating toxic elements †¢ Set up adequate number of CNG filling stations within six months and ensure that all cars imported since July 2001 is fitted with catalytic converter. This petition also has been kept pending for further monitoring. The other pending cases on environment involves preservation up of lakes, flood flow zones and rivers, encroachment over rivers, violation of construction law, pollution from brick fields, environmental hazards of shrimp cultivation, destruction of hills, gas explosion without environmental impact assessment (EIA), compensation for environmental damages and so on.Judicial Decisions in the Issue of Environment of Bangladesh: The concept of public interest litigation as has emerged into the judicial administration of Bangladesh is yet to mature with the concept of justice guaranteed by the Constitution. This is a crucial concept in a country like ours where 65% of the total populace have no or less access to judiciary although the constitution commits for equality before law, justice, right to life and equal enjoyment of fundamental rights by all citizens. With obvious socio-economic constraints and a long history of feudal past, the realization of legally recognized rights is still subject for movement by various social and pressure groups.In recent time the movement for enjoyment of rights took a new dimension as the potential of judiciary is being increasingly emphasized by the activists and the courts are dealing with cases seeking relief against administrative anarchy and ignorance. It was interesting to note that the concept of PIL is developing in Bangladesh as a performance of public duty by some citizens groups holding or advocating in support of progressive ideologies. Thus in 1994 a petition was first taken before the High Court by a national non-governmental organization called Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) on behalf of the people of a locality where a disputed development action was being implemented. The petition was at first rejected by the court on the ground of standing of the organization.An appeal was preferred from that rejection where the core question was whether groups like BELA with dedicated and sincere record of activism can claim to have acquired sufficient interest to seek judicial redress against anarchy in its own field of action. The question was vital as it was a constitutional requirement under Article 102 that it is only â€Å"a person aggrieved† who can file petitions for enforcement of fundamental rights. Being responded by the Supreme Court in the positive this became the turning point in the history of PIL in Bangladesh. BELA that led the movement for open ing up the horizon of PIL in Bangladesh has filed the cases noted below: 1. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Election Commission & others Writ Petition No. 186/1994 (Nuisance during Election Campaign)The first ever-environmental litigation was filed in 1994 in the form of a Writ Petition in the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh by a group of environmental lawyers called the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA). It was filed against the four authorities of the Government responsible for the enforcement of various civic rights, and accordingly, the respondent was the State. The election of the four Municipal Corporations of the country, held at the beginning of this year, evidenced gross violation of some legal obligations and, consequently, interfered with the various rights of the people. The unlawful activities created by the election campaign resulted in encroaching on public properties, restricting and depriving the rights to life, property, enjoyment of public resources, etc. of the city dwellers.The footpaths and other public places were saturated with election camps; incessant use of loudspeakers and other noisy instruments rendered life miserable; the walls of the four major cities of the country where the elections were being held were all covered with election slogans; unscheduled and unregulated processions created serious traffic jams, and so on. Repeated appeals by the Election Commission for showing respect to the laws of the country were virtually ignored. All this anarchy prompted the institution of a petition where the Hon’ble Court issued rule nisi upon the respondents asking them to show cause as to why they should not be directed to comply with the directive issued by the Election Commissioner touching upon the various acts and laws and rules.The Court also considered the prayer of the petitioner to restrain the Election Commissioner from holding the election till full compliance with the respondents. The rule, however, was disposed of, following assurance from the Attorney General that the Government would take all necessary steps to implement all the directives of the Election Commission. 2. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 891/1994 (Industrial Pollution Case) In 1994 BELA filed this Writ Petition seeking relief against indiscriminate pollution of air, water, soil and the environment by 903 industries of 14 sectors identified as polluters by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGRDC) vide Gazette notification dated 7 August 1986.The 14 sectors include Tanneries, Paper and Pulp, Sugar Mills, Distilleries, Iron and Steel, Fertilizer, Insecticide and Pesticide Industries, Chemical Industries, Cement, Pharmaceuticals, Textile, Rubber and Plastic, Tyre and Tube and Jute. The Notification of 7th August 1986 directed the Department of Environment (DoE), the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Ministry of Indus tries to ensure within three years that appropriate pollution control measures were undertaken by those industries. The Notification also required the said authorities to ensure that no new industry could be set up without pollution fighting devices. But unfortunately, even after the lapse of eight years when no measure was taken the above Petition was filed.After seven years since the date of filling of the petition on the 15 July of 2001, the court has directed the Directed General, Department of Environment to implement the decision taken with regard to mitigation of pollution by 903 industries identified as polluters within the time frame of six months from the date of the judgment. The Petitioner pleaded that the ecological system of the country more particularly the air and water including the major rivers (Buriganga, Surma, Karnaphuli and so on) are being severely affected by the identified 903 industries and that no affirmative action has been taken in furtherance of the dec isions of the Gazette dated 7th August, 1986.Rather the number of polluting industries has multiplied as the recent list prepared by the DoE shows that the number of polluting industries have risen up to 1176. The Court earlier issued Rule Nisi to the Respondents including the LGRDC, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of Industries and Department of Environment to show cause as to why they should be directed to implement the decisions of the Government dated 5 June, 1986 which was published in the official Gazette. After hearing the Petitioner, the Rule has been made absolute today and the DG, DoE has been directed to â€Å"Report to this Court after six months by furnishing concerned affidavit showing that compliance of this Order of this Court†. To ensure implementation of the Court irections, the Hon’ble High Court further held that â€Å"It will be imperative on the part of the Director General to take penal action against such department for persons who are responsible for not implementing the letter of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. † 3. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 300/1995 (Vehicular Pollution Case) This writ petition was filed by BELA seeking appropriate direction upon the Respondents to perform their statutory public duties and functions for controlling environmental pollution created by motor vehicles and to take effective measures to ensure the most appropriate mitigative measures, devices and methods to prevent further aggravation and danger to life and public health.The petition was filed against 13 Respondents, namely, (1) The Secretary, Ministry of Communications; (2) The Chairman, Bangladesh Road Transport Authority; (3) The Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs; (4) The Commissioner, Dhaka Metropolitan Police; (5) The Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest; (6) The Director General, Department of Environment; (7) The Dhaka City Corporation; (8) The Secretary, Mini stry of Health & Family Welfare, (9) The Secretary, Ministry of Commerce, (10) The Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, (11) Chairman, Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation, (12) The Secretary, Ministry of Industries, and (13) The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution. In his submission the petitioner stated that the air pollution from faulty motor vehicles has been universally identified as a major threat to human body and life.Such pollution in Dhaka City is acute and incompatible with the conditions required for the growth of human life and ecology. The lives of the City dwellers and its environment are endangered and the failures of the respondents in the performance of their statutory and public duties are depriving people of their fundamental rights disturbing the public peace creating public annoyance. He submitted that the lead-laced gas emitted because of the use of leaded petroleum were severely affecting the lungs, liver, brain and the nervous system, re sulting to high blood pressure, IQ and memory-retention damage among children and damage to foetuses leading to deformed babies.The high sulphur content in the petroleum, and hence in the smoke, causes severe damage to the ecology. The main thrust of Dr. Farooque's submission was that although the right to a safe and healthy environment has not been directly specified in the Constitution as a fundamental right, such a right is inherent and integrated in the â€Å"right to life† as enshrined in Article 32 of the Constitution. Hence, the right to a sound environment was also a fundamental right under Article 32 being supported by Article 31 that ensures that no action detrimental to life, body, property could be taken. Therefore, the failures of the Respondents in their duties denied the people of their basic fundamental right.Upon hearing the Petition, the Court issued a rule nisi upon the Respondent to show cause as to why they should not be directed to take all adequate and effective measures to check pollution caused due to the emissions of hazardous smokes from the motor vehicles and the use of audible signaling devices giving unduly harsh, shrill, loud or alarming noise. The matter was pending for a long time and after a lapse of 7 years, on the 27th March of 2002 the High Court has directed the government to phase out all two stroke vehicles from City Street by December 2002. The court also directed that all petrol and diesel-fuelled government vehicles have to be converted into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered within six months and pneumatic horns being discarded within 30 days. It asked the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) to check fitness of vehicles, using computerized system with immediate effect.The court also asked the government to ensure international standard of fuel by reducing or eliminating toxic elements. The High Court further directed the government to set up adequate number of CNG filling stations within six months an d to ensure that all cars imported since July 2001 be fitted with catalytic converter. The government was also asked to strictly comply with its decision to ban two stroke vehicles of over nine years old. BELA also prayed for ensuring that the exemption of motor cycles from the requirement of certificate of fitness under the Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983 be withdrawn immediately which was also directed by the Court.On behalf of the government BRTA, Dhaka Metropolitan Police, Environment Ministry, Department of Environment, Commerce Ministry and Ministry of energy and mineral resources submitted testimony (affidavit) in opposition before court. The matter is pending for further monitoring. 4. Sharif Nurul Ambia v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 937/ 1995 (Unlawful Construction) The Petition was filed with legal assistance from Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) by Mr. Sharif Nurul Ambia, Joint General Secretary of Jatiya Samajtantric Dal (JSD). The Petition w as moved by the Secretary General of BELA, Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque submitting that the DCC has undertaken the construction of the multi-storied building at the site earmarked for public car park in the RAJUK Master Plan unlawfully and without the latter's approval and hence liable to be demolished.It was further submitted that the construction was continuing defying DoE's finding that the said building would create a disruption to the environment of the area and the neighborhood depriving them the right to life, body and healthy environment against hazardous pollution and obstruction to air and light as being endangered by the unauthorized construction by the Respondents. Upon hearing the petitioner, the Court stayed the said construction till disposal of suit. The rule was ultimately disposed of against which an appeal is pending before the Appellate Division. 5. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh and others Civil Appeal No. 24/1995 (Case on Standing) This Appeal arose from the ju dgment of the High Court Division dismissing a writ  Ã‚   stating that BELA had no right to sue on behalf of the people of Tangail where the Flood Action Plan-20 was being implemented. On Appeal, the Appellate Division granted standing to BELA on 25th July 1996.The main thrust of the appeal was to get a judicial verdict as to whether a person or group of persons could be â€Å"aggrieved† in ways beyond the strict traditional concept, which are now emerging in many legal systems, like suits by evidently public-spirited persons or bodies having proven dedication. The appeal being allowed is a landmark decision in addressing the Constitutional knot and riddle that have been prevailing on the threshold question as to who is an â€Å"aggrieved person† for last twenty four years history of our constitution. 6. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others (Writ Petition No. 998/94) Sekandar Ali Mondol v. Bangladesh and others (Writ Petition No. 1576/1994)   (Challenging Flood Action Plan-20) In 1994, a Petition was filed by BELA challenging the implementation of Flood Action Plan-20 in Tangail.The Petition, first rejected by Court on the ground of Standing of the Petitioner was subsequently sent for hearing on merit to the High Court after the Appellate Division granted standing (Bangladesh Legal Decisions, (BLD) 1997 Appellate Division (AD), pg. 1). In the petition, the authorities were accused of violating a number of laws that provide for compensating affected people for all sorts of loss and protecting the national heritage. The Court delivered Judgment on 28 August ’97 and observed that â€Å"†¦ in implementing the project the respondents cannot with impunity violate the provisions of law. We are of the view that the FAP-20 project work should be executed in complying with the requirements of law. † 7. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 948/1997 (Uttara Lake Fill-up)A division Bench of the High C ourt Division issued an injunction of the filling up of Uttara Lake for housing purposes. The injunction was issued on an application of Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque, Secretary General, BELA upon the Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Public Works, Chairman, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakhya (RAJUK) and DG, DoE. The petition was filed on an appeal from the local residents of Uttara, who accused RAJUK of creating an environmental hazard in the area by filling up part of the lake in violation of the original Master Plan of Uttara. The injunction would remain effective till disposal of the case. Upon final hearing of the petition the Hon’ble Court on presided over Mr. Justice Md. Imman Ali and Mr.Justice Shamin Hasnain on 17 February, 2004 discharged the rule without any order as to cost. After gating aforesaid judgement BELA filed Civil Miscellaneous Petition 84 of 2004 and Civil Petition for Leave to Appeal 564 of 2004 before the appellate division upon hearing the petitioner the Honâ⠂¬â„¢ble Appellate Division granted prayer Leave. Pending hearing of the rule, parties are directed to maintain status quo. 8. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 1252/1997 (Unregulated Operation of Brick Field) The indiscriminate operation of 19 brickfields in Senbag of Noakhali District in violation of applicable legal provisions and circular was brought to the notice of the High Court through the above petition.The petition filed by BELA on behalf of a local group called Senbag Thana Pollution Free Environment Committee accused the local administration for being indifferent towards the environmental havoc created by the brick furnaces. The management of the brickfields were not conducting their business with due regard to the legal provisions mandating in favour of sound environment and health state. Moreover, leasing agricultural land to brick fields in violation of existing land management laws and manual resulted in a tremendous pressure on the avai lable stock of agriculture land, as after a given period the lands do not remain fit for agricultural purposes.Upon hearing the petitioner BELA, the Court issued a Rule Nisi calling upon Secretary, Ministry of Land, Deputy Commissioner, Noakhali and DG, DoE to show cause â€Å"as to why the issuance and renewal of licenses permitting operations of 19 brick manufacturing kilns in the Senbag Thana under Noakhali District causing threat to the natural environment and health of the neighbouring residents of the area should not be declared to have been done without any lawful authority and be directed to implement the circular. † The matter is now pending for hearing. 9. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 6020/1997 (Hill Cutting Case)The indiscriminate, unlawful and unauthorized cutting and rising of hills within the Chittagong City Corporation and its adjoining areas was brought to judicial notice by BELA through the above petition. The Court on heari ng the petitioner, Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque, directed the DG, DoE to submit a report on alleged illegal and indiscriminate cutting of hills, contributing to ecological imbalance and degradation of environment of the city. The Court further ordered that the report should contain the measures taken by the Government to prevent such illegal activities. Subsequent application has been filed under the petition. The matter is now pending for hearing. 10. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 6105/1997 (Gas Explosion at Magurchara)The above petition was against the Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Chairman, Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Development Corporation (PETROBANGLA), DG, DoE and Occidental of Bangladesh Limited for their negligence in preventing the fire that engulfed the Magurchhara Gas Field and the adjoining areas, while the Occidental of Bangladesh Ltd. , a reputed foreign oil company, was carrying on with their regular excavation. The statutory authorities permitted such risky operation without proper EIA, as required by the ECA. BELA, the petitioner, also blamed the respondents for failing to combat the after effects of the fire, as reports suggest that it took quite a long time before normal life was restored in the affected areas. A show cause notice was issued upon the respondents to clarify their own position. With the filing of subsequent petition the petition is pending for hearing. 11. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 7422/1997 (Gulshan Lake Fill-up)A division bench of the High Court Division issued a Rule in a petition filed in 1997 against implementation of an agreement called the â€Å"Banani, Gulshan, Baridhara Lake Development Project Agreement† signed between RAJUK and Indus Valley Investment Pvt. Ltd. to undertake a huge construction in the said areas, defying and violating the constitutional and legal requirements. The Court directed them to show cause as to why â€Å"the agreement and the subsequent agreements to lease out a total area of 220 acres of public land should not be declared to have been entered/undertaken without lawful authority in violation of law and the constitution against public interest and as such be declared null and void and of no legal effect. † The Government subsequently cancelled the project. 12. Nijera Kori v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 1162/1998 (Allotment of Land for Shrimp Cultivation)The petition was filed against allotment of Government owned Khas Land to Shrimp Cultivators in Sudharam, P. S. of Noakhali District in contravention of the provision of the Land Management Manual, 1991 and Articles 15, 19, 31 and 32 of the Constitution depriving thereby the landless people. The Court on two occasions restrained the respondents from disturbing the peaceful possession of the landless families. The matter is now pending for hearing. 13. Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) v. Bangladesh and others Writ Petition No. 2482/1999 (Gulshan Lake) The unlawful filling up of Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara Lake for creating housing plots was challenged by another writ petition No. 482 of 1998 filed by BELA. Following the Petition a division bench of the High Court directed RAJUK to take measures for suspending all construction and/ or filling up of the water body and lakeside areas of Gulshan, Banani and Baridhara Model Towns in specific areas. The Court also issued a rule nisi upon the Ministry of Works and RAJUK to show cause as to why the allotment of on the lake water lake-side area in Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara Town shall not be declared to have been undertaken in violation of the Town Improvement Act, 1953, against public interest and why they should not be directed to restore public property in a manner best suited to public interest.The Court further directed RAJUK to prepare and submit before it a detailed and complete statement regarding allotment of plots and filling up of the lake water and/or lakeside area in violation of the approved Master and Lay Out plan rendering thereby water bodies of the Lake into private properties along with list of names and address of persons in whose favor such allotment have been made and those encroachment upon the lake water and or lakeside. The matter is pending for hearing. 14. Biplob Kumar Roy v. Bangladesh and others Writ Petition No. 1840 of 1999 (Nabaganga River) A Rule Nisi was issued upon the Deputy Commissioner, Narail District for unlawfully leasing out part of the River Nabogonga having its flow through Rajpur to Jaipur Ghat. The rule came as a result of the Petition No. 840 of 1999 filed by BELA and one member of the l